<p>Lechaio  is a village in the municipal unit of Assos-Lechaio in Corinthia, Greece. It is situated on the coast of the Gulf of Corinth, 8 km west of Corinth and 12 km southeast of Kiato. The Greek National Road 8 passes through the town. It had a railway station on the Piraeus–Patras railway, but passenger service on this line was halted in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ancient Lechaeum was one of the ports of Ancient Corinth. It was connected with Corinth by a pair of strong walls. In the 390 BC Battle of Lechaeum, a Spartan mora (regiment) was defeated by the Athenians led by Iphicrates at Lechaeum.</p><br>
<p>The small airport was built by the Germans in the World War II to serve as a military air-base for the control of the south-eastern Mediterranean area. In tunnels under the airport, a large inventory of weapons and many barrels of oil were stored by the German army.</p><br>
<p>The Miami Circle, also known as The Miami River Circle, Brickell Point, or The Miami Circle at Brickell Point Site, is an archaeological site in Downtown Miami, Florida. It consists of a perfect circle measuring 38 feet  of 600 postmolds that contain 24 holes or basins cut into the limestone bedrock, on a coastal spit of land, surrounded by a large number of other minor holes. It is the only known evidence of a prehistoric permanent structure cut into the bedrock in the Eastern United States, and considerably predates other known permanent settlements on the East Coast. It is believed to have been the location of a structure, built by the Tequesta  Indians, in what was possibly their capital. Discovered in 1998, the site is believed to be somewhere between 1,700 and 2,000 years old. Some scholars have questioned both its age and its authenticity.</p><br>
<p>HistoryMiami, then known as the Historical Museum of Southern Florida, signed a 44-year lease of the site in March 2008, with plans to offer tours beginning in Spring 2009.</p><br>
<p>On February 5, 2002, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was declared a National Historic Landmark on January 16, 2009.</p><br>
<p>On February 3, 2014, the Miami Herald reported additional postholes had been excavated in Downtown Miami, further indicating presence of ancient habitation.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The site of 401 Brickell Avenue, named after William Brickell, co-founder of Miami in the 1870s, held an apartment complex until 1998. Property developer Michael Baumann purchased the site for $8.5 million to build a luxury condominium, and in July 1998 tore down the standing apartment complex. According to City of Miami historic preservation code requirements, he was obliged to commission a routine archaeological field survey of the site prior to commencement of building, but this didn&#39;t occur until Bob Carr, then Director of the Miami-Dade County Historic Preservation Division, pressed the issue with the City and Baumann. John Ricisak of the Miami-Dade Historic Preservation Division, along with a host of volunteers and employees of the Archaeological & Historical Conservancy, conducted the salvage excavation of the site with oversight by Bob Carr.</p><br>
<p>In the course of the exploration, the team discovered a number of holes cut into the Oolitic limestone bedrock. On examining the layout of the holes, the surveyor Ted Riggs postulated that they were part of a circle 38 ft in diameter. Having calculated the center, he projected the likely location of the remaining holes. Excavation revealed that there were 24 holes forming a perfect circle in the limestone. Examination of the earth revealed numerous archeological artifacts, ranging from shell-tools and stone axe-heads to human teeth and charcoal from fires.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy and resolution</h2><br>
<p>The developer Baumann, keen to continue construction of his condominium, offered to pay to relocate the circle to another site for preservation, an idea that Mayor Joe Carollo supported. But public opposition grew, with groups ranging from archaeologists and Native Americans to New Agers and schoolchildren protesting that the removal could potentially destroy one of the most archaeologically significant finds in North America. The Elizabeth Ordway Dunn Foundation made a donation of $25,000 to fund further exploration of the site, which continued until February 1999.</p><br>
<p>Following issuance of building permits by the City of Miami during the last week of January 1999, the Dade Heritage Trust (Miami-Dade County’s largest historic preservation organization) filed a lawsuit on January 31, 1999, seeking an injunction against further construction on site. Trust pro-bono attorney Gary Held, who filed the suit, arranged for an emergency hearing at the home of Circuit Court Judge Thomas Wilson. The basis for the lawsuit was that the developer had not obtained required approval in the form of a certificate of appropriateness from the City of Miami&#39;s Historic and Environmental Preservation Board. At the hearing, the developer and the City were represented by counsel. Following arguments and Dade Heritage Trust’s admission that it was not prepared to post a bond to support the injunction request, the Judge denied the motion for temporary injunction. But, Baumann agreed to postpone construction on the site for thirty days while the archaeologists finished their work.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, a plan to move the Circle was proposed. Joshua Billig, stonemason of Rockers Stone and Supply, was to carry out the relocation. He quit on February 14, 1999, having become convinced the circle should not be moved. Using the 30-day delay in construction which Baumann agreed to, County Mayor for Miami-Dade Alex Penelas and others interested in saving the Circle, asked the County Commission to file a lawsuit to take ownership of the property. The Commission approved such action on 18 February, and Judge Richard Feder ordered a temporary injunction against building on the site. Baumann agreed to sell, but asked for $50 million, a price which he eventually lowered to $26.7 million. Baumann made a profit of 18.2 million minus the costs. In an unprecedented move, the State of Florida Preservation 2000 land acquisition program purchased the site from Baumann for that sum in November 1999, using both state funds and donations from various foundations and private citizens.</p><br>
<p>The "Brickell Point Site" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Artifacts recovered from the Miami Circle site are stored and on display at HistoryMiami. It is the official repository for all archaeological materials recovered in Miami-Dade County.</p><br>
<h3>Age</h3><br>
<p>In order to date the site, pieces of burnt wood were sent in March 1999 for radiocarbon dating by John Ricisak, a specialist in the County Historic Preservation department. The results were a surprise, indicating that the wood was between 1,800–2,000 years old. Some scholars doubt that the circle is as old as the wood. Further evidence to support the theory that the holes were of that age comes from Tom Scott and Harvey Means of the Florida Geological Survey, who point to the buildup of a calcite duricrust on the edge of the cut face. Though this is an extremely imprecise way to date the holes, it rules out that they were of modern origin.</p><br>
<h3>Origin</h3><br>
<p>Initial theories on the origin of the site were that it was created by the Olmec or Mayan civilizations. This theory was based on the fact there is little evidence of indigenous peoples in North America building permanent structures 2,000 years ago. No evidence was found of any artifacts of Central American origin, however. Further examination of the artifacts found at the site, particularly the shell tools, shark teeth, and other items of aquatic origin, showed that they matched perfectly with artifacts known to be from a local tribe, the historic Tequesta.</p><br>
<p>The Tequesta were a tribe who were believed to be primarily nomadic, hunting fish and alligators in the Florida Everglades. They were considered aggressive as they killed many early European explorers who attempted landfall in Florida. The Tequesta, like many other Native Americans, succumbed to the new infectious diseases brought by European colonists, as well as were disrupted by warfare.</p><br>
<h3>Purpose</h3><br>
<p>Randolph Widmer of the University of Houston suggested holes were postholes for some kind of structure, probably a cone-shaped building with a hole in the top. These sorts of structures were known to have existed in the Eastern United States, yet none was thought to have had such a permanent base as the Miami Circle. Critics of this theory pointed out that there was no evidence of fire on the bedrock as is usually found in the remains of this type of buildings. Widmer&#39;s response was that, given the weather common across Florida and resulting flooding, the early people may have raised the structure on stilts. This theory also suggested that the seemingly random array of holes could have been for support posts. They appear in clusters perhaps due to the necessity to replace them as the wood rotted.</p><br>
<p>Researchers next tried to determine the purpose of the structure. Two obvious candidates are living quarters, or a ceremonial building of some sort. The lack of evidence for the former began to suggest the latter, and further evidence can be put forward to support the theory. Firstly the effort necessary to create such a structure would involve considerable teamwork, particularly given the lack of tools. This sort of teamwork is often seen in the construction of religious buildings.</p><br>
<p>Secondly, there were certain anomalies in the artifacts discovered. Many common Tequesta relics were found at the site—tools and perhaps decorative items made from shells and other aquatic materials like sharks&#39; teeth—but there were a few pieces discovered that did not fit. The main items were two basalt axe heads. These axes would have been a particularly sought after item on the southern Florida coast due to the lack of any equivalent hard stone in the area, yet these axe heads are completely untouched. Further analysis of the stone by Dr. Jacqueline Dixon, University of Miami, found that the basalt was likely from the region of Macon, Georgia, some 600 mi away. Additional items that may have been placed in, or buried under the structure were a complete 5 ft long shark skeleton, aligned east to west, a dolphin skull, and a complete carapace of a sea-turtle. Four human teeth were also found, though no other evidence pointed to its being a burial site.</p><br>
<h2>Septic tank controversy</h2><br>
<p>University of Florida archaeologist Jerald Milanich was concerned that there was, from the previous apartment block, a septic tank that was aligned perfectly at the edge of the circle. He suggested that the circle could be nothing more than a sink for the sewage from the septic tank, an idea that understandably drew a certain amount of interest.</p><br>
<p>In attempting to refute this claim, Ricicek pointed to two things. Firstly there was clearly a terracotta outflow from the tank that would not tie with the need for a sink, and the plans for the apartment complex clearly show a sewage outflow to the south, into the river. Secondly, returning to the analysis of the calcite buildup on the holes by the Florida Geological Survey, the bedrock that had been cut out to lay the tank had little or no duricrust, showing the considerable age difference between the septic tank construction and the Circle.</p><br>
<h2>Miami Circle Park</h2><br>
<p>A waterfront park managed by HistoryMiami opened in 2011. The circle itself remains buried to protect it, while an audio tour and several panels describing it are available.</p><br>
<p>Fort McAllister was a Confederate earthen-work fort used to defend Savannah, Georgia during the American Civil War. It was the southernmost of the forts defending Savannah and was involved in the most battles. It was located on the Ogeechee River in Bryan County. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Fort McAllister was one of three forts protecting Savannah, the others being Fort Pulaski and Fort James Jackson standing in Confederate defiance of the Union naval blockade. The southeast coast of the United States was the place where both combatants tested the latest in naval artillery and coastal defenses. Fort McAllister was the key to unlocking the defenses around Savannah, one of the most important Confederate ports on the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fort was designed by Capt. John McCrady. In 1861 Gen. Robert E. Lee inspected the fort and recommended making it stronger. McCrady made the changes recommended by Lee and the earthen walls were better able to withstand bombardment from artillery fire. The fort had seven cannon emplacements. The bombproof area in the center housed a hospital, supply area, barracks, officer&#39;s quarters, gun power, and additional guns. A 10-inch mortar was kept outside the fort to keep it from shaking the dirt off the walls when it was fired.</p><br>
<p>The fort was attacked seven times by ships over the next two years. The fort withstood all of these attacks with only minimal damage and few casualties. There were four naval attacks in 1862. Union ironclad monitors began to attack the fort on January 27, 1863, starting with the Montauk and later with the Passaic, Nahant, and Patapsco. The Montauk had an 11-inch and a 15-inch cannon, the largest size used in the war. The ironclad bombarded the fort for 5 hours but caused no casualties and little damage because the earth absorbed the artillery shells and the damage was easily repaired. Similarly, the fort&#39;s cannons hit the ironclad 15 times but caused no significant damage. The Montauk made another unsuccessful attack on February 1, except that fort commander Maj. John B. Gallie was killed. A 7-hour bombardment on March 3 also failed to damage the fort.</p><br>
<p>The fort was the site of the sinking of the CSS Nashville on February 28, 1863.</p><br>
<p>On December 13, 1864, Gen. William T. Sherman reached the fort on his March to the Sea. Gen. William B. Hazens infantry division attacked the fort, defended by Maj. George Wayne Anderson and some 230 troops. The Union force overpowered the forts defenders in about 15 minutes of battle. Fort McAllister was the last fort defending Savannah. After it fell, Gen. William J. Hardee withdrew his 10,000 troops that were defending Savannah and Sherman captured the city without resistance. Sherman&#39;s army abandoned the fort and burned its bunkers.</p><br>
<p>During the evening that the fort fell, Anderson was being held at the McAllister family home, the new headquarters of General William Babcock Hazen. General Hazen and Lt. Col. Strong invited General Sherman to dinner, to celebrate their victory. In a kind gesture of respect, General Hazen also invited Major Anderson to attend the meal, after clearing the request with Sherman. The discussion was surely lively - during the meal Anderson engaged in a heated exchange with General Sherman about the tactics employed to defend the fort and the bravery of all who fought there. Cigars were exchanged and smoked, and tributes were made to the fallen.</p><br>
<h2>After the war</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1930s, Henry Ford bought the property and began restoring it. The International Paper Company purchased the property from Ford&#39;s estate and gave it to the State of Georgia in 1958. The Georgia Historical Commission continued to restore the fort to its 1863-64 appearance. The museum displays many artifacts. The fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The fort site was combined with the adjacent Richmond Hill State Park to create the Fort McAllister State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>The Seven Seas Lagoon is a man-made lake at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Located south of the Magic Kingdom theme park, the Seven Seas Lagoon serves as a natural buffer between the Magic Kingdom and its parking lot and connects with the adjacent Bay Lake. The lake reaches a depth of 14 feet. The lagoon is used mainly for recreational boating, as well as by the resort&#39;s three Disney Transport ferryboats that transport guests between the Magic Kingdom and the Transportation and Ticket Center.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>The Seven Seas Lagoon is used for boating activities at the resort. Fishing was not allowed in the Lagoon until the mid-1990s, some 25 years after Walt Disney World&#39;s opening. However, the plan had existed from the start and fish were set free in the lagoon in 1973. Swimming was originally allowed, but has since been prohibited for safety reasons due to the operation of the rental boats. The lagoon is also the site of the Electrical Water Pageant. The lagoon, despite being man-made, is home to native Florida species such as alligators, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, and turtles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Seven Seas Lagoon was originally configured for artificial waves, tall enough to allow surfing. The machine began operation with the opening of the resort in 1971. However, it was soon disabled after causing severe beach erosion to the Polynesian Village Resort, for which the machine was installed.</p><br>
<h3>Alligator attack</h3><br>
<p>At around 9:15 p.m. on June 14, 2016, a two-year-old boy wading in the Seven Seas Lagoon, where it was posted not to go into the water, at the Grand Floridian Resort & Spa was grabbed by an alligator. His mother and father tried to intervene, but they were unsuccessful. The boy&#39;s intact body was discovered at the bottom of the lagoon the next day. Five alligators were earlier killed in the search, to examine their stomachs.</p><br>
<h2>Bordering resorts</h2><br>
<p>Three resorts border the Seven Seas Lagoon, with each having beaches. These hotels are the only hotels on Walt Disney World property that are directly serviced by the Walt Disney World Monorail System, allowing full monorail access from these hotels to the Magic Kingdom and the Transportation and Ticket Center.</p><br>
<p>Disney&#39;s Contemporary Resort</p><br>
<p>Bay Lake Tower at Disney&#39;s Contemporary Resort (Disney Vacation Club)</p><br>
<p>Disney&#39;s Grand Floridian Resort & Spa</p><br>
<p>Disney&#39;s Polynesian Resort</p><br>
<p>The Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia, was the biggest ironworks in the Confederacy during the American Civil War, and a significant factor in the decision to make Richmond its capital.</p><br>
<p>Tredegar supplied about half the artillery used by the Confederate States Army, as well as the iron plating for CSS Virginia, the first Confederate ironclad warship, which fought in the historic Battle of Hampton Roads in March 1862. The works avoided destruction by troops during the evacuation of the city, and continued production through the mid-20th century. Now classified as a National Historic Landmark District, the site serves as the main visitor center for the Richmond National Battlefield Park.</p><br>
<p>The name Tredegar derives from the Welsh industrial town that supplied much of the company’s early workforce.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding (1836–1841)</h3><br>
<p>In 1836, a group of Richmond businessmen and industrialists led by Francis B. Deane, Jr. set about to capitalize on the growing railroad boom in the United States. The group hired Rhys Davies, then a young engineer, to construct a new facility, brought a number of his fellow iron workers from Tredegar, Wales, to construct the furnaces and rolling mills. The foundry was named in honor of the town of Tredegar, where iron works of the same name were constructed in the early 19th century. The new works opened in 1837, yet the Panic of 1837 and accompanying downturn resulted in hardship for the new company. Davies died in Richmond in September 1838 from stab wounds sustained in a fight with a workman and was buried on Belle Isle in the James River.</p><br>
<h3>Management under Joseph Reid Anderson (1841 – Civil War)</h3><br>
<p>In 1841, the owners turned management over to a 28-year-old civil engineer named Joseph Reid Anderson who proved to be an able manager. Anderson acquired ownership of the foundry in 1848, after two years of leasing the works, and was soon doing work for the United States government. Anderson began introducing slave labor to cut production costs. By the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, half of the 900 workers were slaves, including many in skilled positions. By 1860, Anderson&#39;s father-in-law Dr. Robert Archer had joined the business and Tredegar became a leading iron producer in the country.</p><br>
<p>The commissioning of 900 miles of railroad track in Virginia, largely financed by the Virginia Board of Public Works between 1846 and 1853, offered a further market in steam locomotives and rail stock. One of those attributed with starting the Tredegar Locomotive Works with John Souther was Zerah Colburn, the well-known locomotive engineer and journalist. The company produced about 70 steam locomotives between 1850 and 1860. From 1852 to 1854, John Souther also managed the locomotive shop at Tredegar. Its locomotive production work is sometimes listed with combinations of the names Anderson, Souther, Delaney, and Pickering. Tredegar also produced the steam propulsion plants for the USS Roanoke (1855) and the USS Colorado (1856).</p><br>
<p>Prior to the Civil War, industry expanded at the Tredegar site under Andersons direction to include a new flour mill on land leased to Lewis D. Crenshaw and a stove works on land leased to A.J. Bowers and Asa Snyder. By 1860, Crenshaw and Co. had established the Crenshaw Woolen Mill on adjoining land they owned. This enterprise employed more than 50 people. The Crenshaw Woolen Mill became "the principal source of supply for the Confederate Armys requirements of uniform material" during the first half of the Civil War. A May 16, 1863 fire on the Tredegar/Crenshaw site damaged the mill, which was not rebuilt, and Tredegar purchased the land from Crenshaw and Co. by 1863.</p><br>
<h4>American Civil War</h4><br>
<p>By 1860, the Tredegar Iron Works was the largest of its kind in the South, a fact that played a significant role in the decision to relocate the capital of the Confederacy from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond in May 1861. Tredegar supplied high-quality munitions to the Confederacy during the war.</p><br>
<p>Its wartime production included the iron plating for the first Confederate ironclad warship, the CSS Virginia which fought in the historic Battle of Hampton Roads in March 1862; credit for approximately 1,100 artillery pieces during the war, about half of the South&#39;s total domestic production of artillery between the war years of 1861–1865, including the development of the Brooke rifle; a giant rail-mounted siege cannon. The company also manufactured railroad steam locomotives in the same period.</p><br>
<p>As a result of his difficulties competing with Northern industries due to his higher labor and raw material costs, Anderson was a strong supporter of southern secession and became a Brigadier General in the Confederate Army as the war broke out. He was wounded at Glendale during the Seven Days Battles of the Peninsula Campaign in 1862 and served in the Ordnance Department for the duration of the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>As the war continued with more and more men conscripted into the Confederate armies, Tredegar experienced a lack of skilled laborers. Scarce supplies of metal also hurt the companys manufacturing abilities during the war and as the conflict progressed it was noticed that Tredegars products were beginning to lose quality as well as quantity. Even in the summer of 1861, soon after the beginning of the Civil War, the initial quantity of metal was so scarce that the iron works failed to produce a single piece of artillery for an entire month.</p><br>
<p>During the evacuation of Richmond by the Confederates on the night of April 2–3, 1865, the retreating troops were under orders to burn many of the munitions dumps and industrial warehouses that would have been valuable to the North. Anderson reportedly paid over 50 armed guards to protect the facility from arsonists. As a result, the Tredegar Iron Works is one of few Civil War-era buildings that survived the burning of Richmond.</p><br>
<h3>After the Civil War</h3><br>
<p>At the outset of hostilities, Anderson had wisely secured Tredegar assets overseas for the duration of the Civil War and, therefore, was able to restore his business when the Confederate currency collapsed. He petitioned USA President Andrew Johnson for a pardon for himself and Tredegar and was back in business before the end of 1865, regaining full ownership in 1867. That same year, Tredegar incorporated with a stock of $1,000,000.</p><br>
<p>Francis Thomas Glasgow, the father of Virginia writer and suffragist Ellen Glasgow, was a manager at Tredegar Iron Works, and Joseph Reid Anderson was her maternal uncle.</p><br>
<p>By 1873, Tredegar Iron Works was employing 1,200 workers and was a profitable business. However, the Panic of 1873 hit the company hard, and as a result of financing difficulties it did not transition to steel, and so faded from national prominence.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood of Oregon Hill cropped up as a company town-like development. When Joseph Anderson died on a vacation in New Hampshire in 1892, he was succeeded by his son Colonel Archer Anderson. The Tredegar company remained in business throughout the first half of the 20th century, and supplied requirements of the armed forces of the United States during World War I and World War II. In 1957, Anderson&#39;s descendants sold the land to Ethyl Corporation, who began restoration of some of the surviving structures.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In the 1990s, the Tredegar Ironworks was host to the short-lived "Valentine on the James" extension of the Valentine Richmond History Center.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War Visitor Center at Tredegar Iron Works</h3><br>
<p>The main visitor center for Richmond National Battlefield Park opened at the Tredegar Iron Works site in June 2000. The Civil War Visitor Center at Tredegar Iron Works is located in the restored pattern building and offers three floors of exhibits, an interactive map table, a film about the Civil War battles around Richmond, a bookstore, and interpretive NPS rangers on site daily to provide programs and to aid visitors.</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar</h3><br>
<p>The idea of another museum on the site was later realized on Saturday, October 7, 2006, The American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar opened to the public. James M. McPherson described the museum as "a truly comprehensive exhibit and education center weaving together Union, Confederate, and African-American threads... much needed for future generations to understand how the Civil War shaped the nation." The Center contains interactive theaters, plasma-screen maps, and artifacts. The museum&#39;s exhibits were put together by a team of historians that included James M. McPherson of Princeton, Bill Cooper of Louisiana State University, John Fleming of the Cincinnati Museum Center, Charles Dew of Williams College, David W. Blight of Yale and Emory Thomas at the University of Georgia.</p><br>
<h3>Lincoln statue</h3><br>
<p>In 2000, the former Tredegar Iron Works facility overlooking the James River near downtown Richmond became the site of the main Visitor&#39;s Center of the Richmond National Battlefield Park. Sculptor David Frech of Newburgh, New York, was commissioned by The United States Historical Society of Richmond to commemorate the historic arrival of Abraham Lincoln and his son Tad Lincoln and their tour of the burnt-out Union-captured Richmond, Virginia, April 4, 1865, 10 days before his assassination.</p><br>
<p>Funds were raised by the Historical society through donations and the selling of miniature versions of the statue as well as bronzed resin copies.</p><br>
<p>The statue, much like the Arthur Ashe Monument, received a wide array of criticism for its placement. Traditionally reserved for statues of key figures of the Confederacy protests were held at the unveiling April 5, 2003, namely by the Sons of Confederate Veterans. Robert H. Kline, chairman of the historical society, the Richmond-based nonprofit company that commissioned the statue stated that the statue was for the purpose of reconciliation "He came on a mission of peace and reconciliation and I think the statue will serve that purpose for a very long time"</p><br>
<p>Opponents of the statue claim that the statue commemorates Lincolns arrival into Richmond a proud victor. Bragdon Bowling, Virginia division commander of the Sons of Confederate Veterans was among the speakers protesting the statues unveiling stating that it represented "a slap in the face of a lot of brave men and women who went through four years of unbelievable hell fighting an invasion of Virginia led by President Lincoln." and that "As a Southerner, Im offended. You wouldnt put a statue of Winston Churchill in downtown Berlin, would you? Whats next, a statue of Sherman in Atlanta?". Other notable protesters include Fred Taylor, president of the Heritage Preservation Association; and Elliott Germain, chairman Virginia League of the South.</p><br>
<p>Dignitaries at the installation ceremony included Douglas Wilder, former Mayor and Lt. Governor Tim Kaine, Mayor Rudy McCollum, and former governor Gerald L. Baliles.</p><br>
<p>The statue is made of a bronze cast depicting Lincoln and his son Tad on a bench with Lincolns arm around his son. The bench was deliberately made long enough so that viewers may sit next to either statue on the bench to take photographs. The words "To Bind Up The Nations Wounds" from Lincoln&#39;s Second Inaugural Address are carved into granite behind them.</p><br>
<h2>Fiction</h2><br>
<p>In Harry Turtledoves Southern Victory Series of alternate history novels, in which the South wins the Civil War, the Confederate Armys standard rifle is called the Tredegar, produced by what is by then called the Tredegar Steel Works.</p><br>
<p>Kasshabog Lake is a small lake in Havelock-Belmont-Methuen, Peterborough County, in central Ontario, Canada. It is in the Great Lakes Basin, and is home to a cottage community, including game fishing, a marina and lodges.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kasshabog Lake is located 22 km north of the community of Havelock. The lake receives flow from several smaller tributary lakes. The major inflow at the north and outflow at the south is the North River, which flows to Belmont Lake, and then via the Crowe River and Trent River to Lake Ontario. Although the lake has many islands and bays, only MacDonald (Bill’s) Bay appeared to be hydrologically separated from the main lake.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The volume of water in MacDonald Bay flushes itself about twice during the year, while the rest of the lake flushes only about once a year.</p><br>
<p>Kasshabog Lake has soft, slightly acidic water with a moderately low amount of apparent colour. The hardness, alkalinity, and conductivity levels indicate the lake is well mixed. Thermal stratification (temperature layers) were found in almost all the bays and monitoring stations. Water clarity was moderately good throughout the lake, and the secchi disk results indicate the lake is mesotrophic, or moderately enriched.</p><br>
<p>Dissolved oxygen distribution throughout the lake showed a gradual decline with increasing depth, probably due to the decomposition of organic matter in the bottom waters. No significant accumulations of nutrients in the bottom waters was found at any of the monitoring stations.</p><br>
<p>The density and composition of the phytoplankton (microscopic water plants) indicated an “unenriched” lake condition. The density and composition of the zookplankton (microscopic animals) indicated “moderately enriched” lake conditions.</p><br>
<h2>Sportfish</h2><br>
<p>The most popular sportfish of Kasshabog lake are Largemouth Bass, Muskellunge, and Smallmouth Bass. The lake also contains Rock Bass, Perch, and Walleye (Pickerel).</p><br>
<h2>Tornado</h2><br>
<p>There was a tornado in the summer of 2002, it was most likely anEF0 or EF1. There was tree damage and a few houses damaged.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution from Unimin Ltd. on Kasshabog Lake</h2><br>
<p>In August 2012, the Medical Officer of Health of Peterborough County issued a health advisory to the residents of Kasshabog Lake and Bottle Lake. For details see www.pcchu.ca.</p><br>
<p>In February 2013 the Ministry of the Environment released an exhaustive study on the air quality Impacts of Unimin Ltd. on Kasshabog Lake. The report concludes that:</p><br>
<p>"Unimin is the source of contaminants that are being released to the atmosphere in an amount and manner that is causing the following adverse effects, contrary to the general provisions of the Environmental Protection Act, RSO 1990 (EPA), Section 14:</p><br>
<p>a)impairment of the quality of the natural environment for any use that can be made of it,</p><br>
<p>b) damage to property,</p><br>
<p>c)harm or material discomfort to any person,</p><br>
<p>d)loss of enjoyment of normal use of property.</p><br>
<p>The Facility operations are the source of contaminants whose observed deposition results in violations of the limits contained in schedule 2 of Ontario Regulation 419?05 (Local Air Quality) for Dustfall.</p><br>
<p>Unimin is the source of contaminants that are being released to the atmosphere in an amount and manner that is in violation of Part III, section 45 of Ontario REgulation 419/05 (Local Air Quality).".</p><br>
<p>Residents of the lake have also issued formal complaints to the mine, Ministry of the Environment and the Environmental Commissioner regarding sound emissions from the mine. Their complaints and observations contradict the findings by Pinchin Environmental for Unimin. That report concluded that "the noise impacts from both plants at the monitoring locations were below the applicable MOE guideline limites for Class 3 (Rural) areas".</p><br>
<p>Following orders from the Ministry of the Environment early in the year, Unimin mine has embarked on a plan to cover tailings areas with vegetations. As shown in aerial photographs at the Annual Meeting of the Lake Association, significant progress has been made on the Blue Mountain site. At the Nephton tailings site the areas covered by vegetation are, as yet, limited.</p><br>
<p>On Friday, July 22, 2013 there was a discharge of dust from the Nepthon tailings area documented through a number of eye witness accounts, videos and photographs.</p><br>
<p>“In response to these observations the Ministry issued a Provincial Officer’s Order to Unimin requiring them to update their dust control action plan and to implement additional controls before the end of this week to prevent dust from leaving the Nephton tailings area. While in the past, Unimin has given the impression to the Ministry that they had full control of their dust problems; Friday’s observations certainly show that they do not. I would like to reassure you that the Ministry remains committed to solving this problem. Additional inspections are planned to ensure that Unimin implements the necessary dust control measures to prevent dust from impacting the Kasshabog Lake area.” (Chris Johnson, MOE, Provincial Officer, Badge 782)</p><br>
<p>The Iowa State Capitol, seat of the Iowa General Assembly, is located in Iowa&#39;s capital city, Des Moines, and houses the Iowa Senate, Iowa House of Representatives, the Office of the Governor, and the Offices of the Attorney General, Auditor, Treasurer, and Secretary of State. The building also includes a chamber for the Iowa Supreme Court, although court activities usually take place in the neighboring Iowa Supreme Court building. The building was constructed between 1871 and 1886, and is the only five-domed capitol in the country.</p><br>
<p>Located at East 9th Street and Grand Avenue, the Capitol is set atop a hill and offers a panoramic view of the citys downtown and the West Capitol Terrace. Various monuments and memorials are to its sides and front, including the Soldiers and Sailors Monument and the Lincoln and Tad statue.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Not long after achieving statehood, Iowa recognized that the Capitol should be moved farther west than Iowa City, and the 1st General Assembly, in 1846, authorized a commission to select a location. In 1847, the town of Monroe City, in Jasper County was selected as the new location of the capitol and platted out, but the 1848 Legislature decided not to move the capitol from Iowa City. In 1854, the General Assembly decreed a location “within two miles of the Raccoon fork of the Des Moines River.” The exact spot was chosen when Wilson Alexander Scott gave the state nine and one-half acres where the Capitol now stands. Final legislative approval for the construction of a permanent statehouse was given on April 8, 1870.</p><br>
<p>A three-story brick building served as a temporary Capitol and was in use for 30 years until destroyed by fires. But in the meantime, the permanent Capitol was being planned and built.</p><br>
<p>In 1870, the General Assembly established a Capitol commission to employ an architect, choose a plan for a building (not to cost more than $1,500,000), and proceed with the work, but only by using funds available without increasing the tax rate.</p><br>
<p>John C. Cochrane and Alfred H. Piquenard were designated as architects, and a cornerstone was laid on November 23, 1871. However, much of the original stone deteriorated through waterlogging and severe weather and had to be replaced. The cornerstone was relaid on September 29, 1873.</p><br>
<p>Although the building could not be constructed for $1,500,000 as planned, the Cochrane and Piquenard design was retained and modifications were undertaken. Cochrane resigned in 1872, but Piquenard continued until his death in 1876. He was succeeded by two of his assistants, Mifflin E. Bell and W.F. Hackney. Bell redesigned the dome so that it better fit the proportions of the building. Hackney was the only architect who stayed on the project until the end.</p><br>
<p>The capitol building was dedicated on January 17, 1884, and it was completed sometime in 1886. The building commission made its final report on June 29, 1886, with a total cost of $2,873,294.59. The audit showed that only $3.77 was unaccounted for in the 15 years of construction.</p><br>
<h3>Fire and restoration</h3><br>
<p>On January 4, 1904, a fire was started when the gas lights were being converted into electricity. The fire swept through the areas that housed the Supreme Court and Iowa House of Representatives. A major restoration was performed and documented, with the addition of electrical lighting, elevators, and a telephone system. Little information is available about who performed the actual restoration during these early years. However, Elmer Garnsey created the ceiling artwork in the House Chamber.</p><br>
<p>These earlier efforts to preserve the Capitol mostly dealt with maintaining and upgrading its interior. It was not until 1965, when the dome was regilded, that legislators made significant investments in preserving the building&#39;s exterior.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1980s, the exterior of the Capitol had noticeably deteriorated. Sandstone pieces had begun falling from the building, prompting the installation of steel canopies at all entrances of the building to protect pedestrians. Decorative stone, whose deterioration had first been documented as early as the start of the 20th century, had also eroded.</p><br>
<p>Work on the exterior restoration began in the spring of 1983 and was completed in nine phases. Phase 9 work began in the spring of 1998, and the entire project was completed in the fall of 2001, at a cost of $41 million.</p><br>
<h3>International stature</h3><br>
<p>While its primary use is as the house of the legislative branch of Iowa government, the Capitol also functions as a living museum and state and international cultural facility.</p><br>
<p>Since 1987, the World Food Prize laureate award ceremony is held annually in October in the House of Representatives chamber of the statehouse. The ceremony rivals that of the Nobel Prize, drawing over 800 people from more than 75 countries. Each year, world-class performers take the stage to honor the World Food Prize Laureate. Past performers have included Ray Charles, John Denver, and Noa to name a few. Following the ceremony, the celebration continues at a laureate award dinner held in the Capitol rotunda.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architectural design of the Capitol, rectangular in form, with great windows and high ceilings, follows the traditional pattern of 19th-century planning for public buildings. A modified and refined Renaissance style gives the impression of strength and dignity combined with utility. The building measures 364 ft from north to south and 247 ft from east to west.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The exterior of the building is entirely of stone with elaborate columns and handsomely designed cornices and capitals. Iowa stone is the foundation for the many porticoes of the building. The building is brick with limestone from Iowa, Missouri, Minnesota, Ohio, and Illinois. The substructure is of dark Iowa stone topped by a heavy course of wari-colored granite cut from glacial boulders gathered from the Iowa prairie. The superstructure, or main part of the building, is of bluff colored sandstone from quarries along the Mississippi River in Missouri.</p><br>
<p>Both front and back porticoes have pediments supported by six Corinthian columns each. The pediment over the front entrance discloses a fine piece of allegorical sculpture.</p><br>
<p>The commanding feature is the central towering dome constructed of iron and brick and covered with tissue-paper thin sheets of pure 23-carat gold. There is a protective layer sealing the gold from the weather. The gold leafing was replaced in 1964–1965 at a cost of $79,938. The most recent regilding of the dome was carried out from 1998 to 1999, at a cost of about $482,000. The rotunda beneath the dome is 80 ft in diameter. Four smaller domes of simple design rise from the four corners of the Capitol.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The beauty, dignity, and arrangement of the interior become apparent as a visitor stands under the dome of the first floor. Broad, lofty corridors extend west, north, and south. Walls are highly decorated and the rooms and chambers of the capitol have a wide variety of Iowa wood as well as imported marble. Twenty-nine types of imported and domestic marble were used in the interior; and the wood used—walnut, cherry, catalpa, butternut, and oak—was nearly all from Iowa forests.</p><br>
<p>The marble grand staircase between the second and third floors is to the east and is the focal point of the building. Suites opening from the south corridor are those of the Governor, Auditor of State, and Treasurer of State. The historical Supreme Court Chamber is to the north; the Secretary of State&#39;s suite is to the west. The grand staircase ascends to a landing and divides north and south to bring visitors to the floor above, where the House of Representatives is on the north, the Senate is on the south side, and the Law Library on the west. The Victorian-styled Law Library features four stories of balcony shelves surrounding a central atrium and is open to the public on weekdays.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor houses a cafeteria and administrative offices.</p><br>
<h3>Art</h3><br>
<p>Around the rotunda on the frieze above the columns is the famous quotation from Abraham Lincoln&#39;s Gettysburg Address: "This nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."</p><br>
<p>Extending the full width of the east wall over the staircase is the great mural painting Westward, an idealized representation of the coming of the people who made Iowa. The painting was completed shortly after the start of the 20th century. Edwin H. Blashfield, the artist, wrote of it: "The main idea of the picture is a symbolical presentation of the Pioneers led by the spirits of Civilization and Enlightenment to the conquest by cultivation of the Great West."</p><br>
<h3>Displays</h3><br>
<p>The battle flags carried by the Iowa regiments in various wars are preserved in niches on the main floor: Civil War, 1; Spanish–American War, 13; World War I, 26. In the west hall is a plaque done by Nellie V. Walker in commemoration of the work of Iowa women in the fight for political equality and a memorial to those Iowans killed in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.</p><br>
<p>Also in the west hall is a model of the battleship on loan from the USA Department of the Navy. The model is 18 feet 7 inches long and weighs about 1,350 pounds. It is a perfect scale model, inch equaling 1 foot. The Iowa was the lead ship of her class of battleship and the fourth in the United States Navy to be named in honor of the 29th state. It is also the last lead ship of any class of United States battleships, and was the only ship of her class to have served in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II. On July 7, 2012, the retired Iowa opened to the public as a floating educational and naval museum at the Port of Los Angeles in San Pedro, California.</p><br>
<p>In the south hall across from the Governor&#39;s office is a collection of porcelain dolls representing the 41 Iowa First Ladies in miniature replicas of their inaugural gowns. Where actual descriptions of the gowns could not be found, they are typical of the period. As future First Ladies take their place, they, too, will be represented.</p><br>
<p>Mount Nebo is the southernmost and highest mountain in the Wasatch Range of Utah, in the United States. Named after the biblical Mount Nebo overlooking Israel, which is said to be the place of Moses&#39; death, it is the centerpiece of the Mount Nebo Wilderness, inside the Uinta National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Mount Nebo has two summits, with the North summit reaching 11,933 ft. The southern summit reaches 11,882 ft. Original surveys placed the southern peak as the highest. The mountain was resurveyed in the 1970s and the North peak was found to be the highest. The mountain is partially or completely covered in snow from mid-October until July. Nearby towns include Payson, Nephi and Provo.</p><br>
<p>A substantial trail leads to the south summit, accessible from starting points on the East or West of the mountain. Another trail accesses the North peak, starting Northeast of the mountain. A bench trail runs along the east side of the mountain from North to South at roughly 9,000 feet elevation. All of these trails are popular, although strenuous, destinations for hikers; and many are dangerous places for horseback riders. One old-time local rider warns: "Theres dead horses in every canyon on that mountain!"</p><br>
<p>The Mount Nebo Scenic Byway, a National Scenic Byway, departs I-15 at Payson and climbs to over 9,000 feet before rejoining the interstate at Nephi. The route features panoramic views of Mount Nebo and the Utah Valley and Utah Lake far below. There are numerous trailheads along the route for the hiking enthusiast including a short walk to the "Devil&#39;s Kitchen", an area which has been described as a "mini Bryce Canyon".</p><br>
<p>The Carnic Alps  are a range of the Southern Limestone Alps in Austria and northeastern Italy. They are within Austrian East Tyrol and Carinthia, and Italian Friuli  and marginally in Veneto of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>They are named after the Roman province of Carnia, which probably has a Celtic origin.</p><br>
<p>The mountains gave their name to the stage on the geologic time scale known as Carnian, an age in the Triassic Period.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>They extend from east to west for about 100 km between the Gail River, a tributary of the Drava and the Tagliamento, forming the border between Austria and Italy.</p><br>
<h3>Alpine Club classification</h3><br>
<p>In the Carnic Alps is the southernmost glacier in Austria, the Eiskar, nestling in the Kellerwand massif.</p><br>
<h2>Notable peaks</h2><br>
<p>Among the most important mountains of the range are:</p><br>
<p>lang (2,782 m)</p><br>
<p>Kellerspitzen (2,774 m)</p><br>
<p>lang (2,694 m)</p><br>
<p>lang (2,689 m)</p><br>
<p>Rosskopf (2,603 m)</p><br>
<p>Monte Terza Grande (2,586 m)</p><br>
<p>Monte Bìvera (2,474 m)</p><br>
<p>Creta Forata (2,462 m)</p><br>
<p>Helm (2,434 m)</p><br>
<p>Gailtaler Polinik (2,332 m)</p><br>
<p>Trogkofel (2,280 m)</p><br>
<p>Monte Sernio (2,187 m)</p><br>
<h2>Mountain passes</h2><br>
<p>The chief passes of the Carnic Alps are:</p><br>
<p>Plöcken Pass (Tolmezzo to Kötschach-Mauthen), road (1,360 m)</p><br>
<p>Naßfeld Pass (Pontebba to Hermagor-Pressegger See), road (1,552 m)</p><br>
<p>Öfnerjoch (Forni Avoltri to Sankt Lorenzen im Lesachtal), foot path (2,301 m)</p><br>
<p>Wolayer Pass (same to Kötschach-Mauthen), foot path (1,922 m)</p><br>
<p>Notre Dame Island  is an artificial island located in the Saint Lawrence River in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located immediately east of Saint Helens Island and west of the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the city of Saint-Lambert on the south shore. Together with Saint Helens Island, it makes up Parc Jean-Drapeau, which forms part of the Hochelaga Archipelago. To the southwest, the island is connected to the embankment separating the seaway and Lachine Rapids.</p><br>
<p>Parc Jean-Drapeau is registered as a leg of the Route Verte and Trans Canada Trail.</p><br>
<p>It houses the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, host of the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Notre Dame Island was built in ten months from 15 million tons of rock excavated for the Montreal Metro underground rail in 1965. It was created for Expo 67 to celebrate Canada&#39;s centennial.</p><br>
<p>Nearly all of the remaining Expo 67 pavilions were demolished in 1975 to make way for a long rowing and canoeing basin for Montreal&#39;s 1976 Summer Olympics. The Olympic Basin is still the biggest artificial rowing basin in North America. The former pavilion of France and the pavillon of Quebec were gutted, redecorated, and became the Montreal Casino, as a large gambling establishment owned and operated by the Government of Quebec. The Canadian Pavilion now serves the administration of the Société du parc Jean-Drapeau, a para-municipal body of the city of Montreal, manager of Parc Jean-Drapeau.</p><br>
<p>The park area on the western tip of the island has a small lake with a beach open throughout the summer season for swimming, volleyball and watercraft rentals. During the decades since Expo 67, the city of Montreal has embellished the island with plants and trees, making it look less artificial.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 the greening and beautification of the island was accelerated when it was the host to the Floralies Internationales, a horticultural exhibition and competition gathering plant masterpieces from dozens of countries. Still accessible today from spring to autumn, these magnificent gardens cover an area of over 25 hectare. The Floralies gardens are preserved and arranged creatively by the Parc Jean-Drapeau team of gardeners. In addition, the micro-climate created in part by the lagoons crisscrossing the island promotes the uniqueness of these gardens by allowing the growth of plants usually intolerant of Montreal&#39;s cold climate.</p><br>
<p>The park hosted the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Off-season</h2><br>
<p>In fall and spring, visitors to Notre Dame Island primarily consist of gamblers at the casino and rowers and canoers at the Olympic Basin. During the coldest part of winter, ice skaters use the basin as a rink. City workers clear the snow from its icy surface as part of the annual winter festival, "La Fête des Neiges de Montréal". However, the ice rink was located on Saint Helen&#39;s Island, close to the Jean-Drapeau metro station, the past few years. Cross-country skiers and snowshoers can also tour the area.</p><br>
<h2>Circuit Gilles Villeneuve</h2><br>
<p>Each summer, Notre-Dame Islands Circuit Gilles Villeneuve hosts the Canadian Grand Prix Formula One race and used to host the NAPA Auto Parts 200 of NASCARs Nationwide Series. The Circuit, opened in 1978, is accessible to the public when it is not being used for motorsports.</p><br>
<p>Ponui Island, also known as Chamberlin&#39;s Island, is located in the Hauraki Gulf, to the east of the city of Auckland, New Zealand. It is located to the southeast of Waiheke Island, at the eastern end of the Tamaki Strait, which separates the island from the Hunua Ranges on the mainland to the south.</p><br>
<p>The island has an area of 18 km² and has been farmed by the Chamberlin family since 1853. The island now consists of three farms, two owned by the Chamberlin family and one by John Spencer. The only permanent inhabitants (nine in the 2001 census) are associated with the farms which are predominantly used for sheep.</p><br>
<p>The island is a popular site for youth camps for organisations such as Scouts. Crusader camps (now under the banner of Scripture Union) have been held on the island since 1932.</p><br>
<p>The island is the home of New Zealands only feral donkey breed, the Ponui donkey and also New Zealands national bird, the kiwi.</p><br>
<p>Motutapu Island  is a 1,509 hectare island in the Hauraki Gulf to the northeast of the city of Auckland, New Zealand. The island is part of the Hauraki Gulf Maritime Park.</p><br>
<p>Its full name, rarely used, is Te Motutapu a Taikehu, "The sacred island of Taikehu", Taikehu having been a tohunga (tribal priest) of the Tainui iwi. Motutapu, meaning "sacred" or "sanctuary" island, is a term used for various islands in a number of Polynesian cultures.</p><br>
<p>The island can be accessed via regular ferry services departing from Auckland City.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is now linked by an artificial causeway to the much younger volcanic island cone of Rangitoto. Prior to the emergence of the volcano, the island had been extensively occupied by Māori for over 100 years. The eruption, some 700 years ago, destroyed their settlements, but there is circumstantial evidence that some of the residents may have escaped the destruction, presumably by waka (canoe). Of the many archaeological sites recorded, one, the Sunde Site (Puharakeke), shows human and dog footprints preserved in solidified ash. These were protected from erosion by a layer of ash from the next eruption.</p><br>
<p>Today the island lacks the forest cover of neighbouring Rangitoto Island and most areas are limited to grass and wet meadows. There are few large trees on the island but a reforestation project has been carried out by The Motutapu Restoration Trust. The project has brought back many indigenous flora to various sections of the island.</p><br>
<p>In March 2013, two shallow earthquakes situated beneath Motutapu Island measuring 3.1 and 3.9 shook the Auckland area. Fears they could be a sign of a looming eruption at nearby Rangitoto Island were allayed by geologists, who said they were caused by fault lines, not volcanic activity.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Motutapu has an occupation history that encompasses virtually the full span of New Zealand settlement. It was one of the earliest places inhabited both by Polynesians, and later by Europeans in the Auckland region. The earliest evidence for occupation of Motutapu dates to before the eruption of Rangitoto in c. AD 1400. The eruption smothered Motutapu in ash and caused widespread deforestation, but also produced friable soils suitable for gardening. Archaeological deposits bracketing the ash suggest the eruption prompted a shift from broad-spectrum hunting of forest birds to intensive marine exploitation and horticulture. Numerous kumara pits were later found by archeologists.</p><br>
<p>Following the eruption Motutapu is reported to have been visited by both the Arawa and Tainui canoes and was subsequently settled by the Tainui ancestors of the Ngai Tai. The Ngati Tai maintained rights of occupation from that time until its eventual sale with only minor incursions from other groups. The Ngati Huarere of Arawa descent claimed bird snaring rights over the kaka (native parrot) by right of conquest, and from the 18th century reciprocal fishing rights were negotiated with Ngati Paoa on Waiheke. In the 1820s many of the islands in the Hauraki Gulf, including Motutapu, were evacuated in response to the threat of Hongi Hika and the Ngapuhi armed with muskets. Many of the Hauraki tribes retreated south, and the Ngati Tai are said to have taken refuge at Maungatautari. Occasional ventures were made back to former territories in the gulf, sometimes not without consequence, as with when a local fishing party was attacked by at Motutapu by Ngapuhi with several casualties. From 1836 many of the evacuated territories were resettled, and the Ngati Tai remained on Motutapu until the northern part of the island was sold to Tom Maxwell in 1840.</p><br>
<p>Maxwell had lived at Maraetai with the Ngati Tai and was married to Ngeungeu, the daughter of the principal chief, Tara Te Irirangi. From 1840 to 1845 the northern end was leased out to James Moncur. The southern end was purchased by Williamson and Crummer in 1845, but subsequently granted to politician Robert Graham in 1857, with the island increasingly becoming a trip destination – Home Bay Wharf hosted such attractions as whale boat racing, greased pig chasing and hunting. The Reid brothers purchased the island in 1869–70 and retained ownership until 1943. A series of homesteads and outbuildings have been built at Home Bay, the first between 1840 and 1857, and the present Reid Homestead was built 1901–03. A homestead was built at Emu Bay c. 1869–70, occupied by James Reid and demolished in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Work began on the Motutapu counter-bombardment battery in 1936. In May 1936 roads to battery had been formed, and the battery and observation post completed by June 1937, guns mounted by end of August 1938, and a temporary camp established at Administration Bay in 1937. War broke out in September 1939 and the military population on the island went from 10 to 200, requiring the construction of additional buildings at Administration Bay and at the observation posts. Plotting rooms were constructed in 1941–42, and searchlights installed at Billy Goat point. The US Navy intended to use Auckland as a staging point into the Pacific and this led to the construction of deepwater wharfing facilities, and the construction of 50 ammunition magazines between 1942 and 1943. The war ended in 1945, and within five years the entire complex had been abandoned.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>Geologically, Motutapu comprises Waipapa series greywackes, cherts and argillites, overlaid with Waitemata tertiary sediments, and blanketed in Rangitoto ash. The cultural landscape of archaeological sites includes pre-Rangitoto eruption archaic campsites and adse making sites, 13 pā, numerous open settlements, midden deposits, storage pits, and agricultural areas. There are 372 recorded sites and it is likely that many more subsurface deposits remain unrecorded. Some of the sites will have been damaged or destroyed by farming and military activity.</p><br>
<p>Sizes of recorded sites vary as might be expected over time with fluctuations in demographics and blurring boundaries of a mobile population. Settlement sites are spread across the whole island, with some apparent clustering on the western leeward side of the island around the mountain and causeway stream catchments, and early archaic settlements at open stream mouths and adjacent spurs. Davidson notes that a clustering around stream mouths and high number of distinct sites might be suggestive of a rotation garden system. Pā sites are present on most of the easily defendable coastal headlands, although the relatively small amount of habitable land enclosed within defensive earthworks compared to area of occupied open settlements leads Davidson to conclude some of the open settlements may have been pallisaded without earthwork defences, and that settlement on Motutapu was most likely a “peace-time horticultural based occupation, with periodic episodes of stress leading to fort construction and use”.</p><br>
<p>Stone sources exploited for tool manufacture were largely the local greywacke found on Motutapu and nearby Motuihe, but included obsidians from Great Barrier and Northland, as well as Nelson argillites and basalts from Tahanga. Other locally sourced rock used in tool production included jaspers for hammerstones and sandstone grinders.</p><br>
<p>There are three main areas associated with the 19th-century farming, and these include associated remnant plantings. Home Bay retains homestead, plantings, seawall, and graves. Emu Bay has the foundations of four separate groups of buildings, remnant plantings and isolated Norfolk pines on high points of the island. No archaeological remains have yet been located at Station Bay where the remaining farm settlement is known to have been located.</p><br>
<p>The military structures on Motutapu comprise a largely intact World War II landscape including: the main 6-inch gun emplacement with three gun pits, underground magazines, shelters and stores; the battery observation post, engine and radar rooms; the Emu observation post and engine room for the anti-submarine defences; the ground-level plotting complex with miniature range, plotting and generator rooms; the underground plotting complex with command exchange, radio, plotting generator, battery and fuel rooms, as well as access tunnels and corridors; the search light emplacements and directing station; personnel camps at Administration Bay and the battery; the US Navy magazines north of the causeway and store at Home Bay; and numerous pillboxes to protect the battery from a commando assault. The landscape also includes a number of roads, wharves and quarries.</p><br>
<h2>Ecological restoration</h2><br>
<p>The natural vegetation of the island was almost totally gone by the middle of the 19th century, due to the volcanic eruption and subsequent settlement activities and pests introductions by both Maori and Europeans.</p><br>
<h3>Pest eradication and translocation of native species</h3><br>
<p>Possums and wallabies were eradicated from the island in the early 1990s. Following three aerial drops of brodifacoum poison baits on Motutapu and Rangitoto in winter 2009, as of January 2010, rodents, rabbits and stoats appeared to have been successfully eradicated. Most cats had been removed, though a few may remained, and hedgehogs were still plentiful. In August 2011 both Rangitoto and Motutapu were declared pest free. Since then a number of native New Zealand species have been translocated to Motutapu including takahē, saddleback and North Island brown kiwi. The work is overseen by the Motutapu Restoration Trust, and is to restore both the natural and the cultural heritage of the island, from restoration of the historic Reid homestead to replanting forests and restoring wetlands.</p><br>
<h3>Regenerative agriculture</h3><br>
<p>Since the mid-1990s Motutapu Farms Ltd have been adopting regenerative farming practices, also known as biological in New Zealand (international research refers to the approach as; low-input, ecological, natural or alternative).</p><br>
<p>Regenerative “Post-modern agriculture is not anti-science...it is the most modern agriculture because it builds carefully and creatively on advances in scientific knowledge particularly in the disciplines of biology, ecology and microbiology.”—Norman Uphoff.</p><br>
<p>(Professor of Government and International Agriculture; Cornell International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development; Director of Graduate Studies, Field of International Development.)</p><br>
<p>Regenerative farming systems are on the rise as producers respond to a range of social, environmental and environmental drivers. In a 2011 UN report, Olivier De Schutter reviewed 286 recent sustainable agriculture projects in 57 countries, covering 37 million hectares. In the report he states that the approach is more resilient to extreme climate-related events, while substantially reducing the use of oil and oil-based pesticides and fertilizers. The review also discovered that adopting soil health methods increased average food production by 150%. This reflects on the ground reports from New Zealand farmers.</p><br>
<p>The Tāmaki River or Tāmaki Estuary is mostly an estuarial arm and harbour of the Hauraki Gulf, within the city of Auckland in New Zealand. It extends south for 15 km from its mouth between the suburb of Saint Heliers and the long thin peninsula of Bucklands Beach, which reaches its end at Musick Point. The inlet extends past the suburbs of Glendowie, Wai o Taiki Bay, Point England, Glen Innes, Tāmaki, Panmure, and Otahuhu to the west, and Bucklands Beach, Halfmoon Bay, Farm Cove, Sunnyhills and Pakuranga to the east.</p><br>
<p>It has several smaller "tributary arms" which extend from it: the Pakuranga Creek and Otara Creek in the east, and the Otahuhu Creek and Panmure Basin in the west. The Otahuhu Creek forms the eastern shore of the narrowest point on the Auckland isthmus: here it is about 1.25 kilometres (0.75 mi) to the waters of the Manukau Harbour, an arm of the Tasman Sea.</p><br>
<p>It was originally called Te Wai o Taiki, meaning "The Waters of Taiki". The name Taiki is a shortened form of Taikehu, the name of an ancestor of Ngāi Tai.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Portage Road is the location of one of the historical portage overland routes between the two coasts. Here the Maori would beach their waka (canoes) and drag them overland to the other coast, thus avoiding having to paddle around North Cape. A second portage was named Karetu and went between the extreme north-east corner of the Manukau harbour to a bay close to the site of the newest bridge across the Tāmaki, about 1 km south of the Panmure basin. The portages made the area of immense strategic importance in both pre-European times and during the early years of European occupation.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, the estuary was first crossed by a steel swing bridge, located at Panmure, to improve connection between Auckland and Howick.The location is 20 m to the left of the left hand (Panmure) bridge shown in the photo. The circular base swivel was only removed in the 1980s from the southern shore. Stones and steel had been imported from Australia, possibly reflecting the still very basic nature of industrial construction in the young colony.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s the mouth of the river was used as a safe anchorage for ships carrying explosives. One such ship, anchored in the mouth of the estuary, caught fire and exploded with loss of life. After this the explosives buoy was moved into a more open area east of Browns Island (Motukorea), where it is still located.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 a 6 ft leopard that had escaped from the Auckland Zoo three weeks earlier was found dead in the Tāmaki river by a fishing party in Karaka Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Due to its extent north–south and its position between Auckland City and its eastern neighbour Manukau City, the River is a natural barrier to traffic, especially as only three bridges cross it, all heavily trafficked and increasingly incapable of taking the peak hour flows. The AMETI scheme has the resolution of this bottle-neck as one of its goals.</p><br>
<p>The Tāmaki River also has a marina / ferry wharf at Half Moon Bay, from where commuter ferries depart for the Auckland CBD and car/passenger ferries for Waiheke Island. Many yachts are also moored in its relatively well protected interiors. The river channel is marked with large green buoys. Deep draught vessels should stay close to the buoys as the channel, although averaging 20 m deep is very narrow in many places. Near the large Point England sand spit there are numerous mudflats which are barely covered at high tide. The speed limit in the river is 10 km/h. Rocks at the western mouth of the river at St Heliers are marked by a distinctive barber&#39;s pole. Vessels of more than 4 m draught should not attempt the opening between Musick Point and Browns Island. The channel in this area is marked by port and starboard markers about 20 m apart. It is 0.5 km northwest of Musick Point. Large mussel beds extend out 200 m from Browns Island into the river.</p><br>
<p>Tryvann is a small lake in Nordmarka, the forest area just north of Oslo city, near the Holmenkollen ski jump. By the water lies a cabin called Tryvannstua, in which there is a café open regularly during both summer and winter. On a hill above the lake looms the television tower Tryvannstårnet , visible from most of Oslo. Tryvann is the entry and beginning of Nordmarka. It is used all year around. The key purposes of this area in the winter are skiing and cross-country skiing, whereas in the summer it is more commonly used for walks in the forest and biking. When referring to Tryvann, it is mostly referred to as the Tryvann vinterpark.</p><br>
<h2>Facts and infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Tryvann vinterpark is an alpine ski resort in the area around Tryvann. The first ski slope of Tryvann vinterpark, named "Tryvannskleiva", was created in 1931. Since then an enormous expansion has occurred, and today Tryvann vinterpark consists of 18 slopes and 11 lifts. The longest run (Wyllerløypa) is 1,400 metres, with a drop of 381 metres. All the slopes have floodlighting which covers over 9.6 km of terrain. The resort has a fairly large terrain park featuring edge rails, boxes, jib features and a full-scale halfpipe, regularly hosting some minor national skiing and snowboarding competitions.</p><br>
<p>Tryvann vinterpark is easily accessed by visitors with the metro system. The ride from Oslo city centre to the top of Tryvann takes approximately 25 minutes. This gives easy access and opportunities for over one million citizens in Oslo. Tryvann is Norway&#39;s fourth biggest ski resort in Norway, measured in ticket sales. In 2012 there were 205,000 visitors.</p><br>
<h2>History of Tryvannstua</h2><br>
<p>Tryvanstua was built in 1931. The cabin is constructed by windfall timber and was constructed unexpectedly after an immense storm in Nordmarka that occurred in November 1930. The storm damaged a radius close to 7000 m, bringing down 3000 trees. As a result, Tryvannstua was constructed with the purpose of serving food for people travelling in the woods, and that was the beginning of Tryvann vinterpark. Tryvannstua was renovated and expanded in 1965-66. This increased the seating capacity to 175 people, and a fireplace was built for freezing alpinists. The renovation was an initiative mainly because of skiing in the 1966 World Cup.</p><br>
<p>James Ross Island is a large island off the southeast side and near the northeastern extremity of the Antarctic Peninsula, from which it is separated by Prince Gustav Channel. Rising to 1,630 m, it is irregularly shaped and extends 40 mi in a north–south direction. It was charted in October 1903 by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition under Otto Nordenskiöld, who named it for Sir James Clark Ross, the leader of a British expedition to this area in 1842 that discovered and roughly charted a number of points along the eastern side of the island. The style, "James" Ross Island is used to avoid confusion with the more widely known Ross Island in McMurdo Sound.</p><br>
<p>It is one of several islands around the peninsula known as Graham Land, which is closer to South America than any other part of that continent.</p><br>
<p>The island was connected to the Antarctic mainland by an ice shelf until 1995, when the ice shelf collapsed, making the Prince Gustav Channel passable for the first time.</p><br>
<p>Mendel Polar Station, the first Czech Antarctic Base, is located on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Paleontology</h2><br>
<p>Two dinosaur-bearing formations are present on the island, both from the Upper Cretaceous: the Santa Marta Formation and the Snow Hill Island Formation. These are two of only three known formations to have dinosaur fossils in Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>The first dinosaur ever discovered in Antarctica was Antarctopelta oliveroi, a medium-sized ankylosaur found on James Ross Island by Argentinian geologists Eduardo Olivero and Roberto Scasso in 1986. The dinosaur was recovered from the Campanian stage of the Upper Cretaceous Santa Marta Formation, about 2 km south of Santa Marta Cove on the north part of the island. The ankylosaur was not formally named until 2006.</p><br>
<p>In December 2003, USA paleontologist Judd Case from Saint Mary&#39;s College of California and USA geologist James Martin from the South Dakota School of Mines & Technology discovered the bones of a theropod dinosaur on the island. Nicknamed "Naze" after the northerly Naze Peninsula on which it was found, the Late Cretaceous remains include an upper jaw and teeth, and most of the lower legs and feet. Little information is available, but the shape of the leg and feet indicate it was a runner, and the size indicates it was probably 1.8 m tall and weighed 135 kg. This is the second Antarctic theropod discovered, after Cryolophosaurus.</p><br>
<p>An ornithopod was found in the Snow Hill Island Formation by Argentine paleontologists Rodolfo Aníbal Coria and Juan José Moly in 2008. In 2013, Coria named it Trinisaura santamartaensis.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, an iguanodontid found in 2002 by Fernando Novas was named Morrosaurus antarcticus by Sebastian Rozadilla, Federico Lisandro Agnolin, Fernando Emilio Novas, Alexis Rolando Aranciaga Mauro, Matthew J. Motta, Juan Manuel Lirio Marcelo and Pablo Isasi. The genus name refers to the site of El Morro on James Ross Island, where the remains of the species were found. The specific name refers to Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>Chersonesus , in medieval Greek contracted to Cherson  is an ancient Greek colony founded approximately 2,500 years ago in the southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula. The colony was established in the 6th century BC by settlers from Heraclea Pontica.</p><br>
<p>The ancient city is located on the shore of the Black Sea at the outskirts of Sevastopol on the Crimean Peninsula, where it is referred to as Khersones. It has been nicknamed the "Ukrainian Pompeii". The site is now part of the National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos. The name "Chersonesos" in Greek means "peninsula", and aptly describes the site on which the colony was established. It should not be confused with the Tauric Chersonese, the name often applied to the whole of the southern Crimea.</p><br>
<p>During much of the classical period Chersonesus was a democracy ruled by a group of elected archons and a council called the Demiurgi. As time passed the government grew more oligarchic, with power concentrated in the hands of the archons. A form of oath sworn by all the citizens since the 3rd century BC has survived to the present day. In 2013, Chersonesus was listed as a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Antiquity</h3><br>
<p>Greek colonies</p><br>
<p>In the late 2nd century BC Chersonesus became a dependency of the Bosporan Kingdom. It was subject to Rome from the middle of the 1st century BC until the 370s AD, when it was captured by the Huns.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine Era</h3><br>
<p>It became a Byzantine possession during the Early Middle Ages and withstood a siege by the Göktürks in 581. Byzantine rule was slight: there was a small imperial garrison more for the town&#39;s protection than for its control. It was useful to Byzantium in two ways: as an observation point to watch the barbarian tribes, and its isolation made it a popular place of exile for those who angered the Roman and later Byzantine governments. Among its more famous "inmates" were Pope Clement I and Pope Martin I, and the deposed Byzantine Emperor Justinian II. According to Theophanes the Confessor and others, Chersonesus was the residence of a Khazar governor (tudun) in the late 7th century.</p><br>
<p>Between approximately 705 and 840, the city&#39;s affairs were managed by elected officials called babaghuq, meaning "father of the city.</p><br>
<p>In 833 Emperor Theophilus sent the nobleman Petronas Kamateros, who had recently overseen the construction of the Khazar fortress of Sarkel, to take direct control over the city and its environs, establishing the theme of Klimata/Cherson. It remained in Byzantine hands until the 980s, when it reportedly fell to Kiev. Vladimir the Great agreed to evacuate the fortress only if Basil IIs sister Anna Porphyrogeneta would be given him in marriage. The demand caused a scandal in Constantinople. As a pre-condition for the marriage settlement, Vladimir was baptized here in 988, thus paving the way to the Baptism of Kievan Rus. Thereafter Korsun&#39; was evacuated.</p><br>
<p>Since this campaign is not recorded in Greek sources, historians have suggested that this account actually refers to the events of the Rus-Byzantine War (1043) and to a different Vladimir. In fact, most valuables looted by the Slavs in Korsun made their way to Novgorod (perhaps by way of Ioakim Korsunianin, the first Novgorodian bishop, as his surname indicates ties to Korsun), where they were preserved in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom until the 20th century. One of the most interesting items from this "Korsun Treasure" is the copper Korsun Gate, supposedly captured by the Novgorodians in Korsun&#39; and now part of the St. Sophia Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>After the Fourth Crusade (1202–04), Chersonesus became dependent on the Byzantine Empire of Trebizond as the Principality of Theodoro. After the Siege of Trebizond (1461) the Principality of Theodoro became independent. The city fell under Genoese control in the early 13th century. In 1299, the town was sacked by the Mongol armies of Nogai Khan&#39;s Golden Horde.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical History</h2><br>
<p>Chersonnesus had been a Roman pre-Great Schism, later Greek/Orthodox, episcopal see for centuries, elevated early to the rank of archbishopric, since it is mentioned as such in the Notitiae Episcopatuum; it disappeared after the Turkish conquest in 1475 and the destruction of the city.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, the grand Russian Orthodox St Vladimirs Cathedral (completed 1892) was built on a small hill overlooking the site; designed in Byzantine style, it was intended to commemorate the site of Vladimirs baptism.</p><br>
<h3>Latin (now titular) see</h3><br>
<p>In 1333 a Latin Church diocese of Chersonnesus was established, but it appears that it had only a bishop, a Dominican called Richard the Englishman.</p><br>
<p>No longer a residential diocese, Chersonnesus in Zechia is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular archbishopric, since the early 20th century, originally called Cherson(a) or Chersonesus, since 1933 specifically Chersonnesus in Zechia, avoiding confusion with other sees called Chersonesus (notably in Crete) by specifying it is Crimean.</p><br>
<p>It is vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents, all of the intermediary (archiepiscopal) rank:</p><br>
<p>Donald Louis Mackintosh (1912.06.11 – 1919.10.08)</p><br>
<p>Alexis-Armand Charost (1920.06.15 – 1921.09.22) as Coadjutor Archbishop of Rennes (1920.06.15 – 1921.09.22), succeeding as Metropolitan Archbishop of Rennes (Brittany, France) (1921.09.22 – 1930.11.07), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria della Vittoria (1922.12.14 – 1930.11.07); previously Titular Bishop of Miletopolis (1913.02.14 – 1913.11.21) & Auxiliary Bishop of Cambrai (France) (1913.02.14 – 1913.11.21), then Bishop of Lille (France) (1913.11.21 – 1920.06.15)</p><br>
<p>Giovanni Beda Cardinale, Benedictine Order (O.S.B.) (1922.07.25 – 1933.12.01)</p><br>
<p>Albert Levame (1933.12.21 – 1958.12.05)</p><br>
<p>Louis Parisot, Society of African Missions (S.M.A.) (1960.01.14 – 1960.04.21)</p><br>
<p>Serapione Uluhogian, Mechitarists (C.A.M.) (1960.07.22 – 1965.05.16)</p><br>
<p>Hemaiagh Guédiguian, C.A.M. (1971.03.03 – 1976.07.03), later Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians (Lebanon) ( 1976.07.05 – retired 1982.05.30), President of Synod of the Armenian Catholic Church (1976.07.05 – 1982.05.30)</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<h3>Archaeological site</h3><br>
<p>Chersonesus ancient ruins are presently located in one of Sevastopols suburbs. They were excavated by the Russian government, starting from 1827. They are today a popular tourist attraction, protected as an archaeological park.</p><br>
<p>The buildings mix influences of Greek, Roman and Byzantine culture. The defensive wall was approximately 3.5 km long, 3.5 to 4 metres wide and 8 to 10 metres high with towers at a height of 10 to 12 metres. The walls enclosed an area of about 30 hectare. Buildings include a Roman amphitheatre and a Greek temple.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding land under the control of the city, the chora, consists of several square kilometres of ancient but now barren farmland, with remains of wine presses and defensive towers. According to archaeologists, the evidence suggests that the locals were paid to do the farm work instead of being enslaved.</p><br>
<p>The excavated tombstones hint at burial practices that were different from the Greek ones. Each stone marks the tomb of an individual, instead of the whole family and the decorations include only objects like sashes and weapons, instead of burial statues. Over half of the tombs archaeologists have found have bones of children. Burned remnants suggest that the city was plundered and destroyed.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, Chersonesus tied for fifth in the Seven Wonders of Ukraine poll.</p><br>
<p>On February 13, 2009, Ukrainian Defence Minister Yuriy Yekhanurov called on Russias Black Sea naval fleet to move its automobile depot from the site to another place. The location of the Russian Black Sea naval fleets automobile depot was one of the obstacles to the inclusion of the reserve on UNESCO&#39;s list of world heritage sites.</p><br>
<h3>The 1935 Basilica</h3><br>
<p>The 1935 Basilica is the most famous basilica excavated in Chersonesus. The original name is unknown so "1935" refers to the year it was opened. The basilica was probably built in the 6th century on the site of an earlier temple, assumed by historians to be a synagogue, itself replacing a small temple dating from the early days of Christianity. The 1935 basilica is often used as an image representing Chersonesos. Its picture appears on one Ukrainian banknote.</p><br>
<h3>Museum contents</h3><br>
<p>As well as the archaeological sites, the museum has around 200,000 smaller items from 5 AD to the 15th century, over 5,000 of which are currently exhibited. These include:</p><br>
<p>ancient texts, including the Oath of Chersonese citizens (3rd century BC), decrees in honour of Diophantus (2nd century BC)</p><br>
<p>a collection of coins</p><br>
<p>a mosaic of black and white pebbles and coloured stones</p><br>
<p>ancient ceramics</p><br>
<p>architectural fragments, including ancient and medieval abacuses, reliefs, the remains of ancient murals</p><br>
<h3>Current studies</h3><br>
<p>The Institute of Classical Archaeology of the University of Texas at Austin and the local Archaeological Park has investigated the site since 1992. The Ukrainian government has included the site on its tentative World Heritage List. The site, however, is in danger of further urban encroachment and coastal erosion.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Chersonesus was listed as a World Heritage Site. as Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora. During the 2014 Crimean crisis the Crimean peninsula was annexed by Russia, but UNESCO has maintained that it will continue to recognize Crimea and its heritage sites as belonging to Ukraine.</p><br>
<h3>Problems and controversies</h3><br>
<p>The encroachment of modern building in and around the ancient archaeological site, coupled with a lack of funding to prevent such development pressures, has left the site of Chersonesus firmly at risk.</p><br>
<p>In an October 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund identified Chersonesus as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and development pressures as primary causes.</p><br>
<p>On July 29, 2015 governor of Sevastopol Sergei Menyailo (Сергей Меняйло), after firing the director of Chersonesus Preserve Andrey Kulagin (Андрей Кулагин), appointed a priest, Sergiy Khalyuta (Сергий Халюта) to the position. This move caused heated protests of the staff, and the 109 members unanimously refused to work under the new director. The conflict attracted a significant attention of the media. The workers claim that the conflict of the governor and the director of the Preserve started on July 11, when director complained about road construction works within the territory of the Preserve, approved by Governor without the permits necessary for works in protected areas. Eventually, under the pressure, Father Sergiy stepped down.</p><br>
<p>Mount Blackburn is the highest peak in the Wrangell Mountains of Alaska in the United States. It is the fifth-highest peak in the United States and the twelfth-highest peak in North America. The mountain is an old, eroded shield volcano, the second-highest volcano in the USA behind Mount Bona and the fifth-highest in North America. It was named in 1885 by Lt. Henry T. Allen of the USA Army after Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn, a USA senator from Kentucky. It is located in the heart of Wrangell – St. Elias National Park, the largest national park in the country.</p><br>
<p>The mountain&#39;s massif is covered almost entirely by icefields and glaciers, and is the principal source of ice for the Kennicott Glacier, which flows southeast over 20 mi to just above the town of McCarthy. The mountain also contributes a large volume of ice to the north-flowing Nabesna Glacier and the Kuskulana Glacier system.</p><br>
<p>Mount Blackburn is a large, dramatic peak, with great local relief and independence from higher peaks. Its west face drops over 11,000 ft to the Kuskulana Glacier in less than 4 horizontal miles (6.4 km). Its other faces drop 8,000 -, all in less than 8 mi. The toe of the Kuskulana Glacier, less than 12 mi from the summit, lies at an elevation of 2,400 ft, giving a rise of 14,000 ft. While these figures speak to the peak&#39;s relief, one measure of its independence is that it is the 50th-most topographically prominent peak in the world.</p><br>
<p>The western of Blackburns two summits is the mountains highest point, a fact that was not understood until the 1960s when new USGS maps were published. The first ascent of the west peak, and hence Mount Blackburn, was done on May 30, 1958, by Bruce Gilbert, Dick Wahlstrom, Hans Gmoser, Adolf Bitterlich, and Leon Blumer via the North (also called the Northwest) Ridge. This team made the first ascent of Blackburn, but did not even know it at the time due to the incorrect identification of the highest point. In fact, Blumer&#39;s article in the 1959 American Alpine Journal is titled "Mount Blackburn – Second Ascent."</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>Other subfeatures</h2><br>
<p>Kennedy Peak, or East Blackburn, 16,286 ft, is the eastern summit and was originally thought to be the highest point. The first ascent of this summit was made in 1912 by Dora Keen and George Handy via the Kennicott Glacier (on the south side of the mountain) and East Face. This heady exploit was ahead of its time. Dora Keen, driven by a deep desire for the climb, solicited miners from the nearby Kennecott Copper Mines, and forged a route up the heavily crevassed East Face to the East Peak, but did not traverse over to the West Peak. Keen went on to write a famous article for the Saturday Evening Post titled, “First up Mount Blackburn.” In 1912, Keen and Handy thought they were on Blackburn’s highest point.</p><br>
<p>Todays standard route on the peak is the 1958 ascent route, the North (or Northwest) Ridge, which is approached from the Nabesna Glacier, on the north side of the mountain, opposite from Keen and Hardys route. The route starts from an airstrip on the glacier at an altitude of 7,200 ft. It is a moderate climb by Alaskan standards (Alaska Grade 2).</p><br>
<p>The Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal, also known as the Main Building of the USA Arsenal at Little Rock, or Headquarters Building of the Little Rock Barracks, is the home of the MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History. It is also a part of the MacArthur Park Historic District, in Little Rock, Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>Built between 1840 and 1841, it was part of Little Rock&#39;s first USA military installation. Since decommissioning, the building has housed two local museums. It was home to the Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities from 1942 to 1997 and the MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History since 2001. It has also housed the Little Rock Æsthetic Club since 1894. The building receives its name from its distinct octagonal tower. Besides being the last remaining structure of the original USA military installation and one of the oldest buildings in central Arkansas, it was also the birthplace of General Douglas MacArthur, who became the supreme commander of USA forces in the South Pacific during World War II. It was also the starting place of the Camden Expedition during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>The building and the surrounding park were used for many public purposes throughout the early 20th century. The Tower Building served as headquarters for the United Confederate Veterans Reunion, May 15–18, 1911. Over 106,000 Civil War veterans, the largest popular gathering in the history of the city up to that time, attended and were housed in the building or camped in the park, which had also become a popular camping area. Later the building served as an armory for the Arkansas National Guard. In 1912, the second floor of the Tower Building became Little Rock&#39;s first public library. In 1917, Little Rock built a fire station in the park. A band shell named for H. H. Foster also was built in the park during this time, but no longer exists. In 1936, Works Progress Administration built the Museum of Fine Arts, now called the Arkansas Arts Center, just south of the Tower Building.</p><br>
<p>The arsenal was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, the Tower Building was renovated due to the efforts of the Æsthetic Club, Little Rock philanthropist Frederick W. Allsop, and the Works Progress Administration. It became the new home of the Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities, which had been located in Little Rock City Hall. The museum remained in the tower building for approximately fifty-five years. The area surrounding the Tower Building had been known as Arsenal Park when the first decommissioned and then later renamed City Park. Due to the efforts of Bernie Babcock, however, the city finally named it MacArthur Park in 1942 in honor of Douglas MacArthur.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the Museum of Science and Natural History merged with the Little Rock Childrens Museum, which had been located in Union Station, to form the Arkansas Museum of Discovery. The new museum was relocated to a historic building in the Little Rock River Market District. The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History opened on May 19, 2001 in the Tower Building. The new museums goal is to educate and inform visitors about the military history of Arkansas, preserve the Tower Building, honor servicemen and servicewomen of the United States and commemorate the birthplace of Douglas MacArthur.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The arsenal was constructed at the request of Governor James Sevier Conway in response to the perceived dangers of frontier life and fears of the many Native Americans who were passing through the state on their way to the newly established Oklahoma Territory. Thirty-six acres were appropriated on the outskirts of Little Rock by Major Robert B. Lee of the USA Army. The land had been previously used as a racetrack by the local jockey club. John Wormley Walker, a builder for the Federal Government, supervised the construction. Originally $14,000 was allocated for the construction of the arsenal, but proved inadequate. The budget was later increased to $30,000. Work began on the Tower Building in 1840, and it was the first permanent structure of the arsenal to be built. Being originally constructed to store ammunition, the building was designed with 3 ft exterior walls. The original plans called for it to be built of stone, however, masonry was used instead. The Arkansas Gazette referred to the structure as "A splendid specimen of masonry".</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War</h3><br>
<p>For several years the arsenal, which was owned by the federal government, served as a simple arms depot and was staffed with only a handful of soldiers. But in November 1860, with the American Civil War on the horizon, a company of the Second United States Artillery, consisting of sixty-five men, was transferred to Little Rock under the command of Captain James Totten. On January 15, 1861, the state legislature decided to hold a referendum to determine if a state convention should be held to consider the issue of secession and to elect delegates to such a convention. It was planned for February 18; however, events at the arsenal, would not wait. On January 28, then Governor Henry Massey Rector informed Captain Totten that he and his soldiers would be "permitted to remain in the possession of the Federal officers until the State, by authority of the people, shall have determined to sever their connection with the General Government," Totten responded to this by telling the Governor that his orders came from the United States Government and began a desperate but ultimately futile dispatch of letters and telegrams asking for reinforcements, although rumors were widely spread that they were already coming. The first telegraph wire to span between Little Rock and Memphis had recently been completed. Local attorney John M Harrel was asked to compose the first telegraph dispatched from Arkansas&#39;s capital. In his message, Harrel reported unconfirmed rumors that more federal troops had been sent to reinforce the Little Rock Arsenal.</p><br>
<p>The United States troops at the outposts of the western frontier of the state and in the Indian nation have all been recalled from winter quarters to reinforce the garrison at Fort Smith. The garrison at Fort Smith had been previously transferred to the United States Arsenal in this city (Little Rock). The arsenal is one of the richest depositories of military stores in the United States and is supposed to be the ultimate destination of the troppsordered from the frontier.</p><br>
<p>The item was intended simply as a piece of news, but telegraph lines quickly spread the news throughout the state, fueling procession sentiment. The rumor was interpreted by some Arkansans as a call from the governor to assemble to help expel the federal troops from the arsenal. By February 5, six militia units, consisting of 1,000 men, with a guarantee that the numbers could be increased to 5,000 if the situations deemed it necessary, had assembled in Little Rock. Governor Rector vehemently denied ordering the troops to assemble or giving any order at all in connection with the troops. Faced with the fact that the military had assembled believing they were following his orders and the consensus of the citizens of Little Rock against any armed conflict between the civilian army and federal troops, Governor Rector was forced to take control of the situation. On February 6, he sent a formal demand for surrender of the arsenal to Captain Totten,</p><br>
<p>This movement is prompted by the feeling that pervades the citizens of this State that in the present emergency the arms and munitions of war in the Arsenal should be under the control of the State authorities, in order to their security. This movement, although not authorized by me, has assumed such an aspect that it becomes my duty, as the executive of this Sate, to interpose my official authority to prevent a collision between the people of the State and the Federal troops under your command. I therefore demand in the name of the State the delivery of the possession of the Arsenal and munitions of war under your charge to the State authorities, to be held subject to the action of the convention to be held on the 4th of March next.</p><br>
<p>Perhaps because Abraham Lincoln had not yet been inaugurated as President, Captain Totten received no instructions from his superiors and was forced to withdraw his troops. He agreed to surrender the arsenal as long as the governor agreed to three provisions:</p><br>
<p>The governor would take possession of the arsenal in the name of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The soldiers would be allowed safe passage in any direction carrying any personal and public property besides munitions of war.</p><br>
<p>The soldiers would be allowed to march away as men leaving under orders, not as conquered and surrendering soldiers.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of February 8, 1861, Rector and Totten signed an agreement placing the arsenal in the hands of state officials. That afternoon, the citizen militia marched to the arsenal with Governor Rector at its head. All of the federal troops had left at this point, except Totten who had stayed behind to listen to the Governor&#39;s speech and to hand the arsenal over in person.</p><br>
<p>The Little Rock Arsenal was classified in 1860 as an "arsenal of deposit," meaning that it was simply a warehouse for the storage of weapons intended for the use of the state militia in times of crisis. Thus there were no substantial operations for ordnance fabrication or repairs, nor for the manufacture of cartridges at the time the Arsenal fell into State hands. Most of these operations were started from scratch through the efforts of the Arkansas Military Board.</p><br>
<p>Inside the Little Rock Arsenal after its seizure in February, 1861, the Confederates inventoried some 10,247 weapons, 250,000 musket cartridges, and 520,000 percussion caps, as well as the four bronze cannon of Tottens battery. Long arms in the Arsenals inventory consisted of:</p><br>
<p>Of this number, approximately 9600 weapons were serviceable, or ready-for-issue. Note there were only 1,364 percussion weapons available. Disposition of the weapons found in the Arsenal is somewhat sketchy, but from various records it can be surmised that the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Arkansas Infantry Regiments, mustered in June, 1861, were issued M1816/M1822.69 caliber flintlocks. The 9th and 10th Arkansas, four companies of Kellys 9th Arkansas Battalion, and the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment were issued flintlock Halls Rifles. The units comprising the infantry force of Van Dorn&#39;s Army of the West were the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles were also armed with M1822 flintlocks from the Little Rock Arsenal. By the time the 11th and 12th Arkansas Infantry Regiments mustered in at Little Rock, the supply of arms had been almost completely exhausted, and only old "junker" weapons were left.</p><br>
<p>Most of the equipment, arms, and machinery at the Little Rock Arsenal was removed to east of the Mississippi River by order of Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn in April and May 1862, and accountability for it is lost at that point. By all appearances, the equipment was sent down the river to Napoleon, Arkansas, and from there to Jackson Mississippi, where it was probably destroyed during the Vicksburg campaign in the early summer of 1863.</p><br>
<p>Major General Thomas C. Hindman, sent to command the district of Arkansas in May, 1862, found the state nearly destitute of military material. Hindman established another armory at Arkadelphia, and revived the Little Rock Arsenal as a collection point and depot for armaments and ammunition manufacture for small arms. Hindman recorded:</p><br>
<p>"Machinery was made for manufacturing percussion caps and small arms, and both were turned out in small quantity, but of excellent quality. Lead mines were opened and worked, and a chemical laboratory was established and successfully operated in aid of the Ordnance Department and in the manufacture of calomel, castor oil, spirits of nitre, the various tinctures of iron, and other valuable medicines. Most of these works were located at or near Arkadelphia on the Ouachita River, 75 miles south from Little Rock. The tools, machinery, and the material were gathered piecemeal or else made by hand labor. Nothing of this sort had been before attempted on Government account in Arkansas to my knowledge, except for the manufacture of small arms, the machinery for which was taken away by General Van Dorn and there was neither capital nor sufficient enterprise among the citizens to engage in such undertakings� A further supply, along with lead and caps, was procured from the citizens of Little Rock and vicinity by donation, purchases, and impressments.</p><br>
<p>This ammunition, and that which I brought with me, was rapidly prepared for use at the Laboratory established at the Little Rock Arsenal for that purpose. As illustrating as the pitiful scarcity of material in the country, the fact may be stated that it was found necessary to use public documents of the State Library for cartridge paper. Gunsmiths were employed or conscripted, tools purchased or impressed, and the repair of the damaged guns I brought with me and about an equal number found at Little Rock commenced at once. But, after inspecting the work and observing the spirit of the men I decided that a garrison 500 strong could hold out against Fitch and that I would lead the remainder - about 1500 - to Gen&#39;l Rust as soon as shotguns and rifles could be obtained from Little Rock instead of pikes and lances, with which most of them were armed. Two days elapsed before the change could be effected."</p><br>
<p>The Confederate ordnance establishment at Little Rock was reactivated in August, 1862. Looking around for a suitable person to head this activity, General Hindman turned to the Confederate Navy and borrowed Lieutenant John W. Dunnington. Lt. Dunnington was the commander of the gunboat C.S.S. Ponchartrain, which had been brought to Little Rock in hopes of converting it to an ironclad. Dunnington was selected to head the ordnance works at Little Rock, and although he continued to draw his pay from the Confederate Navy Department, he was placed in charge of all Confederate ordnance activities (which included artillery functions) there with the rank of lieutenant colonel.</p><br>
<p>Lt. Col. Dunnington&#39;s "Returns for the month of August, 1862, at Little Rock Arsenal, C.S.A.," are found in Vol. 149, Chapter IV of the "Captured Rebel Ordnance Records," and are most enlightening as to the scope of Confederate ordnance activities at Little Rock during this crucial time. According to Dunnington, "When I assumed command at this Post, all material had been removed to Arkadelphia. There were no persons employed. No shops were open for repair of arms or for fabricating ammunition. Material, tools, etc., had to be procured as well as the employment of laborers. Work commenced the last part of the month."</p><br>
<p>The military force at Little Rock under Dunnington&#39;s command consisted of four officers: himself, Major John B. Lockman, Captain C.C. Green, and 2nd Lt. W.W. Murphy. In addition to these, he had 20 enlisted men and a civilian force composed of a foreman, 2 clerks, 3 gunsmiths for repairing small arms, a laboratorian, 26 laborers in the ammunition laboratory, and a carpenter for making packing boxes.</p><br>
<p>During the month of August, 1862, the following work was performed:</p><br>
<p>"Fabricated: one pair of musket bullet moulds; 10,000 buck & ball shot cartridges; repaired: 750 muskets, shotguns, and rifles; received and repaired: ordnance stores and ordnances; performed: guard, office, and police duties; inspected: Posts at Camden and Arkadelphia."</p><br>
<p>Lt. Col. Dunnington continued to build up his works at Little Rock until November 1862, when Captain Sanford C. Faulkner (composer of The Arkansas Traveler) was placed in charge of the Arsenal. Dunnington presumably returned to his naval duties and the Ponchartrain.</p><br>
<p>A "Summary of the Work Done for November, 1862, Little Rock Arsenal" shows:</p><br>
<p>Fabrication:</p><br>
<p>Repaired:</p><br>
<p>Received & Issued:</p><br>
<p>Repaired and painted:</p><br>
<p>Performed:</p><br>
<p>Perhaps the most illuminating points of the above "Summary of Work" and those for following months are that the standard ammunition made was."buck & ball", indicating that the.69 caliber smoothbores and shotguns remained the predominant caliber weapon in use, and of this, nearly one sixth or more of all small arms ammunition was still for flintlock weapons, indicating that no less than a sixth of the Confederate troops in this vicinity were still armed with obsolete flintlock weapons.</p><br>
<p>The "Summaries of Work done at Little Rock Arsenal, C.S.A." continue at about the same pace and scale from August 1862 until August 1863. Appended to the "Summary" for August, 1863 is the ominous notation, "During the last week in the month, nearly all stores at the Arsenal have been packed and sent to Arkadelphia, in obedience to orders from Chief of Ordnance, District of Arkansas." This then marks the beginning of the evacuation of ordnance activities from Little Rock, with the city being surrendered to the advancing Federal troops of Frederick Steele&#39;s Arkansas Expedition on September 11, 1863.</p><br>
<p>In 1864, after Little Rock fell to the Union Army and the arsenal had been recaptured, General Fredrick Steele marched 8,500 troops from the arsenal beginning the Camden Expedition.</p><br>
<h3>Brooks-Baxter War</h3><br>
<p>In 1874, the arsenal was briefly seized once more by Joseph Brooks loyalists.</p><br>
<h3>Decommissioning</h3><br>
<p>In 1873, the arsenal was renamed Little Rock Barracks and the main building used as married officers&#39; quarters. The building was drastically altered the inside and outside. Prior to renovation, a rear basement door provided the only entrance, while the tower served as a hoist to move munitions between floors. By 1868, front and rear porches had been added to the building, as well as interior walls and stairs, some of which remain today, including the central staircase. In 1880, Douglas MacArthur was born on the northwest upper floor of this building while his father, USA Army Captain Arthur MacArthur, was stationed there.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s, the federal government began closing many small arsenals around the country in favor of smaller ones built near railroads for quick deployment. The arsenal commander received word from Washington that the Little Rock site must be abandoned "not later than October 1, 1890."</p><br>
<h3>Æsthetic Club</h3><br>
<p>In 1894 the Little Rock Æsthetic Club, one of the oldest womens societies west of the Mississippi River, moved into the Tower Building. This was prompted due to increased membership and a need for larger, more permanent quarters. The previous year, club members working with womens organizations throughout the state, raised money to furnish the Arkansas Building of the Columbian Exposition at The Chicago Worlds Fair. At the fairs conclusion, artifacts from the exhibit were displayed in the Tower Building, with the Æsthetic Club invited to meet in the "Columbian Room."</p><br>
<p>Except for Æsthetic Club meetings, the Tower Building remained largely unoccupied for almost fifty years and suffered significant deterioration. The Æsthetic Club provided much-needed financial support during the period and even paid the electric bill during the Great Depression. The Æsthetic Club is still headquartered in the Tower Building.</p><br>
<p>Thorncrown Chapel is a chapel located in Eureka Springs, Arkansas, designed by E. Fay Jones and constructed in 1980. The design recalls the Prairie School of architecture popularized by Frank Lloyd Wright, with whom Jones had apprenticed. The chapel was commissioned by Jim Reed, a retired schoolteacher.</p><br>
<p>Thorncrown was included in Budget Travels "12 Most Beautiful Churches in America" and Bored Pandas "50 Most Extraordinary Churches Of The World." &mdash; and was selected for the 2006 Twenty-five Year Award by the American Institute of Architects as well as receiving its listing in 2000 on the National Register of Historic Places, a status not granted to buildings fewer than fifty years old unless exceptionally significant.</p><br>
<h2>Structure and status</h2><br>
<p>Constructed mostly of wood and other materials indigenous to northwestern Arkansas, the design minimized material transportation costs.They used materials no bigger than what two people could carry (i.e. 2x4s, 2x6s, and 2x12s of Southern pine wood). Though it looks like an open-air structure, the chapel is a glass-enclosed, air-conditioned space. They enlarged the skylight to have a natural ornamentation lighting effect throughout the chapel.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the Southwest Power Company (SWEPCO) submitted and subsequently withdrew an application for a certificate of environmental compatibility, granting permission to construct a high voltage transmission line to run adjacent to the chapel.</p><br>
<p>F.D. Roosevelt State Park is a 9,049 acre Georgia state park located near Pine Mountain and Warm Springs. The park is named for former USA President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who sought a treatment for his paralytic illness in nearby Warm Springs at the Little White House. The western portion of the park, formerly named Pine Mountain State Park, was named a National Historic Landmark in 1997. F.D. Roosevelt State Park is Georgia&#39;s largest state park.</p><br>
<p>Several structures in the park were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) in the Great Depression, including a stone swimming pool and Roosevelts favorite picnic spot at Dowdells Knob, overlooking the valley below. President Roosevelt would take polio patients suffering from depression along on picnics at Dowdell&#39;s Knob.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The region containing the modern-day park was inhabited by the Creek Nation until ceded under the Treaties of 1825 and 1826, which granted the territories between the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers to the State of Georgia. An influx of settlers established the town of Kings Gap, named after King&#39;s Trading Post located near the modern-day Liberty Bell Pool. The town eventually vanished by the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, Franklin Delano Roosevelt first visited the warm springs located near the towns of Warm Springs and Bullochville. He came to the springs seeking relief from the symptoms of the paralytic illness he had contracted some years earlier. In 1927, Roosevelt and others established the Warm Springs Foundation, later known as the Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation, which established therapeutic programs utilizing the area&#39;s mineral springs. Since then, the Institute has developed into a complex of facilities helping those with disabilities.</p><br>
<p>Just prior to being elected president of the United States in 1932, Roosevelt built a residence nearby which would come to be known as the Little White House. After his election to the presidency, he spearheaded the establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). It was this organization which, in 1935, established a camp near the modern-day park entrance on Highway 354. From this camp, the young men of the CCC constructed much of the present state park, including the Liberty Bell Pool, the Roosevelt Lodge, several cabins, the 15 acre Lake Delanor and its companion, the 25 acre Lake Franklin. Because of the well-preserved CCC design, layout, and buildings of the western half of the park, and for its association with Roosevelt, that area was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and geography</h2><br>
<p>F.D. Roosevelt State Park is Georgia&#39;s largest state park. It is geologically a feature of the Piedmont Plateau, not the Appalachian Mountains farther north.</p><br>
<p>Dowdell&#39;s Knob is the highest point in F. D. Roosevelt State Park, at 1,395 feet. The knob was named for two pioneer Harris County settlers: Lewis & James Dowdell.</p><br>
<p>The park contains the 23 mile long Pine Mountain Trail, a scenic nature path that winds through both hardwood and pine forests, featuring hickory and several species of oak; forest undergrowth includes buckeye, pawpaw, azalea, blueberry and huckleberry. The trail has thirteen primitive back country campsites for backpackers. The Pine Mountain Trail is wholly maintained by the volunteers of the Pine Mountain Trail Association. In addition, the park contains two stocked fishing lakes and a historic trading post. There is a clump of surviving resistant chestnut trees in the park.</p><br>
<h2>Recent events</h2><br>
<p>On April 12, 2007, the 62nd anniversary of Roosevelts death, a 1,200-pound bronze statue was unveiled at Dowdells Knob. The statue depicts Roosevelt sitting on his removable car seat and wearing his leg braces. The statue, commissioned by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, was created by Atlanta sculptor Martin Dawe.</p><br>
<p>During the 2011 Super Outbreak, an EF2 tornado caused severe damage to the park, especially in the campgrounds. It was estimated that 30% of the structures in one of the park&#39;s group campground areas were destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>105 Tent/Trailer/RV Campsites</p><br>
<p>16 Backcountry Campsites</p><br>
<p>22 Cottages</p><br>
<p>2 Picnic Shelters</p><br>
<p>2 Group Camps</p><br>
<p>1 Group Shelter</p><br>
<p>1 Pioneer Campground</p><br>
<h2>Annual events</h2><br>
<p>Spring Backpacking Trip (March)</p><br>
<p>The Andersonville National Historic Site, located near Andersonville, Georgia, preserves the former Camp Sumter , a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp during the final twelve months of the American Civil War. Most of the site lies in southwestern Macon County, adjacent to the east side of the town of Andersonville. As well as the former prison, the site contains the Andersonville National Cemetery and the National Prisoner of War Museum.</p><br>
<p>The site is an iconic reminder of the horrors of Civil War prisons. It was commanded by Captain Henry Wirz, who was tried and executed after the war for war crimes. It was overcrowded to four times its capacity, with an inadequate water supply, inadequate food rations, and unsanitary conditions. Of the approximately 45,000 Union prisoners held at Camp Sumter during the war, nearly 13,000 died. The chief causes of death were scurvy, diarrhea, and dysentery.</p><br>
<h2>Conditions</h2><br>
<p>The prison, which opened in February 1864, originally covered about 16.5 acre of land enclosed by a 15 ft high stockade. In June 1864, it was enlarged to 26.5 acre. The stockade was rectangular, of dimensions 1,620 ft by 779 ft. There were two entrances on the west side of the stockade, known as "north entrance" and "south entrance".</p><br>
<h3>Descriptions of Andersonville</h3><br>
<p>Robert H. Kellogg, sergeant major in the 16th Regiment Connecticut Volunteers, described his entry as a prisoner into the prison camp, May 2, 1864:</p><br>
<p>As we entered the place, a spectacle met our eyes that almost froze our blood with horror, and made our hearts fail within us. Before us were forms that had once been active and erect;—stalwart men, now nothing but mere walking skeletons, covered with filth and vermin. Many of our men, in the heat and intensity of their feeling, exclaimed with earnestness. "Can this be hell?" "God protect us!" and all thought that he alone could bring them out alive from so terrible a place. In the center of the whole was a swamp, occupying about three or four acres of the narrowed limits, and a part of this marshy place had been used by the prisoners as a sink, and excrement covered the ground, the scent arising from which was suffocating. The ground allotted to our ninety was near the edge of this plague-spot, and how we were to live through the warm summer weather in the midst of such fearful surroundings, was more than we cared to think of just then.</p><br>
<p>Further descriptions of the camp can be found in the diary of Ransom Chadwick, a member of the 85th New York Infantry Regiment. Chadwick and his regimental mates were taken to the Andersonville Prison, arriving on April 30, 1864. An extensive and detailed diary was kept by John L. Ransom of his time as a prisoner at Andersonville.</p><br>
<p>Father Peter Whelan arrived on 16 June 1864 to muster the resources of the church and help provide relief to the prisoners.</p><br>
<h3>The Dead Line</h3><br>
<p>At Andersonville, a light fence known as "the dead line" was erected approximately 19 ft inside the stockade wall. It demarcated a no-man&#39;s land that kept prisoners away from the stockade wall, which was made of rough-hewn logs about 16 ft high and stakes driven into the ground. Anyone crossing or even touching this "dead line" was shot without warning by sentries in the pigeon roosts.</p><br>
<h3>Health problems</h3><br>
<p>At this time in the war, Andersonville Prison was frequently undersupplied with food. The Confederate Army and civilians also struggled to get enough food. The shortage was suffered by prisoners and the Confederate personnel alike within the fort, but the prisoners received less than the guards, as the latter did not suffer such emaciation, nor scurvy (caused by vitamin C deficiency). The latter was probably the main cause of mortality (along with diarrhea, caused by living in the filth from poor sanitation and the necessity to take drinking water from a creek filled at all times with fecal material from thousands of sick and dying men). Even when sufficient quantities of supplies were available, they were of poor quality and poorly prepared.</p><br>
<p>There were no new clothes given to prisoners whose clothing was often falling to pieces. In some cases, clothes were taken from the dead. John McElroy, a prisoner at Andersonville, recalls "Before one was fairly cold his clothes would be appropriated and divided, and I have seen many sharp fights between contesting claimants."</p><br>
<p>Although the prison was surrounded by forest, very little wood was allowed to the prisoners for warmth or cooking. This and the lack of utensils made it almost impossible for the prisoners to cook the main food they received, poorly milled corn flour. During the summer of 1864, Union prisoners suffered greatly from hunger, exposure and disease. Within seven months, about a third died from what was diagnosed as dysentery and scurvy; they were buried in mass graves, the standard practice by Confederate prison authorities at Andersonville. In 1864 the Confederate Surgeon General asked Joseph Jones, an expert on infectious disease, to investigate the high mortality rate at the camp. He concluded that it was due to "scorbutic dysentery" (bloody diarrhea caused by vitamin C deficiency). In 2010 the historian Drisdelle said that hookworm disease, a condition not recognized or known during the Civil War, was the major cause of much of the mortality.</p><br>
<p>The water supply from Stockade Creek became polluted when too many Union prisoners were housed by the Confederate authorities within the prison walls. Part of the creek was used as a sink, and the men were forced to wash themselves in the creek.</p><br>
<h3>Survival and social networks</h3><br>
<p>At the time of the Civil War, the concept of a prisoner of war camp was still new. It was as late as 1863 when President Lincoln demanded a code of conduct be instituted to guarantee prisoners of war the entitlement to food and medical treatment and to protect them from enslavement, torture, and murder. Andersonville did not provide its occupants with these guarantees; therefore, the prisoners at Andersonville, without any sort of law enforcement or protections, functioned more closely to a primitive society than a civil one. As such, survival often depended on the strength of a prisoner&#39;s social network within the prison. A prisoner with friends inside Andersonville was more likely to survive than a lonesome prisoner. Social networks provided prisoners with food, clothes, shelter, moral support, trading opportunities, and protection against other prisoners. One study found that a prisoner having a strong social network within Andersonville "had a statistically significant positive effect on survival probabilities, and that the closer the ties between friends as measured by such identifiers as ethnicity, kinship, and the same hometown, the bigger the effect."</p><br>
<h3>The Raiders</h3><br>
<p>The guards, disease, starvation and exposure were not all that prisoners had to deal with. A group of prisoners, calling themselves the Andersonville Raiders, attacked their fellow inmates to steal food, jewelry, money and clothing. They were armed mostly with clubs and killed to get what they wanted. Another group rose up, organized by Peter "Big Pete" Aubrey, to stop the larceny, calling themselves "Regulators". They caught nearly all of the Raiders, who were tried by the Regulators&#39; judge, Peter McCullough, and jury, selected from a group of new prisoners. This jury, upon finding the Raiders guilty, set punishment that included running the gauntlet, being sent to the stocks, ball and chain and, in six cases, hanging.</p><br>
<p>The conditions were so poor that in July 1864, Captain Wirz paroled five Union soldiers to deliver a petition signed by the majority of Andersonville&#39;s prisoners asking that the Union reinstate prisoner exchanges in order to relieve the overcrowding and allow prisoners to leave these terrible conditions. That request was denied. The Union soldiers, who had sworn to do so, returned to report this to their comrades.</p><br>
<h3>Confederacy's offer to release prisoners</h3><br>
<p>In the latter part of the summer of 1864, the Confederacy offered to conditionally release prisoners if the Union would send ships to retrieve them (Andersonville is inland, with access possible only via rail and road). In the autumn of 1864, after the capture of Atlanta, all the prisoners who were well enough to be moved were sent to Millen, Georgia, and Florence, South Carolina. At Millen, better arrangements prevailed. After General William Tecumseh Sherman began his march to the sea, the prisoners were returned to Andersonville.</p><br>
<p>During the war, 45,000 prisoners were received at Andersonville prison; of these nearly 13,000 died. The nature and causes of the deaths are a continuing source of controversy among historians. Some contend that the deaths resulted from deliberate Confederate war crimes against Union prisoners, while others state that they resulted from disease promoted by severe overcrowding; the food shortage in the Confederate States; the prison officials incompetence; and the breakdown of the prisoner exchange system, caused by the Confederacys refusal to include blacks in the exchanges, thus overfilling the stockade. During the war, disease was the primary cause of death in both armies, suggesting that infectious disease was a chronic problem, due to poor sanitation in regular as well as prison camps.</p><br>
<h3>Prisoner population</h3><br>
<p>7,160: April 1, 1864</p><br>
<p>12,000: May 5, 1864</p><br>
<p>20,652: June 13, 1864</p><br>
<p>23,942: June 19, 1864</p><br>
<p>29,076: July 18, 1864</p><br>
<p>31,678: July 31, 1864</p><br>
<p>31,693: August 31, 1864</p><br>
<h3>Dorence Atwater</h3><br>
<p>A young Union prisoner, Dorence Atwater, was chosen to record the names and numbers of the dead at Andersonville, for the use by the Confederacy and the federal government after the war ended. He believed, correctly, the federal government would never see the list. Therefore, he sat next to Henry Wirz, who was in charge of the prison pen, and secretly kept his own list among other papers. When Atwater was released, he put the list in his bag and took it through the lines without being caught. It was published by the New York Tribune when Horace Greeley, the papers owner, learned the federal government had refused the list and given Atwater much grief. It was Atwaters opinion that Andersonville&#39;s commanding officer was trying to ensure that Union prisoners would be rendered unfit to fight if they survived.</p><br>
<h3>Newell Burch</h3><br>
<p>P.O.W. Newell Burch also recorded Andersonville&#39;s decrepit conditions (in his diary). A member of the 154th New York Volunteer Infantry, Burch was captured on the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg; he was first imprisoned at Belle Isle in Richmond, Virginia, and then Andersonville. He is credited with being the longest-held Union prisoner of war during the Civil War, surviving a total of 661 days in Confederate hands. His original diary is in the collection of the Dunn County Historical Society in Menomonie, Wisconsin; a mimeographed copy is held by the Wisconsin Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Escapes</h2><br>
<p>Confederate records show that 351 prisoners (about 0.7% of all inmates) escaped, though many were recaptured. The US Army lists 32 as returning to Union lines; of the rest, some likely simply returned to civilian life without notifying the military, while others probably died.</p><br>
<h2>Liberation</h2><br>
<p>Andersonville Prison was liberated in May 1865.</p><br>
<h2>Trial</h2><br>
<p>After the war, Henry Wirz, commandant of the inner stockade at Camp Sumter, was tried by a military tribunal on charges of war crimes. The trial was presided over by Union General Lew Wallace and featured chief Judge Advocate General (JAG) prosecutor Norton Parker Chipman.</p><br>
<p>A number of former prisoners testified about conditions at Andersonville, many accusing Wirz of specific acts of cruelty, for some of which Wirz was not even present in the camp. The court also considered official correspondence from captured Confederate records. Perhaps the most damaging was a letter to the Confederate surgeon general by Dr. James Jones, who in 1864 was sent by Richmond to investigate conditions at Camp Sumter. Jones had been appalled by what he found, and reported he vomited twice and contracted influenza from the single hour he&#39;d toured the camp. His graphically detailed report to his superiors all but closed the case for the prosecution.</p><br>
<p>Wirz presented evidence that he had pleaded to Confederate authorities to try to get more food and that he had tried to improve the conditions for the prisoners inside. However, he was found guilty and was sentenced to death, and on November 10, 1865, he was hanged. Wirz was the only Confederate official to be tried and convicted of war crimes resulting from the Civil War (but see reference to Champ Ferguson). The revelation of the prisoners&#39; sufferings was one of the factors that shaped public opinion in the North regarding the South after the close of the Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>In 1890, the Grand Army of the Republic, Department of Georgia, bought the site of Andersonville Prison through membership and subscriptions. In 1910, the site was donated to the federal government by the Woman&#39;s Relief Corps (auxiliary to the Grand Army of the Republic).</p><br>
<h2>National Prisoner of War Museum</h2><br>
<p>The National Prisoner of War Museum opened in 1998 as a memorial to all American prisoners of war. Exhibits use art, photographs, displays, and video presentations to depict the capture, living conditions, hardships, and experiences of American prisoners of war in all periods. The museum also serves as the park&#39;s visitor center.</p><br>
<h2>Andersonville National Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is the final resting place for the Union prisoners who died while being held at Camp Sumter/Andersonville as POWs. The prisoners&#39; burial ground at Camp Sumter has been made a national cemetery. It contains 13,714 graves, of which 921 are marked "unknown".</p><br>
<p>As a National Cemetery, it is also used as a burial place for more recent veterans and their dependents.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can walk the 26.5 acre site of Camp Sumter, which has been outlined with double rows of white posts. Two sections of the stockade wall have been reconstructed: the north gate and the northeast corner.</p><br>
<h3>Notable monuments and burials</h3><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients:</p><br>
<p>Luther H. Story (1931–1950), from nearby Buena Vista, for action in the Korean War, September 1, 1950 (cenotaph)</p><br>
<h2>Depictions in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Andersonville (1955) is a novel by MacKinlay Kantor concerning the Andersonville prison. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The Andersonville Trial (1970), a PBS television adaptation of a 1959 Broadway play. It depicts the 1865 trial of Andersonville commandant Henry Wirz.</p><br>
<p>Andersonville (2015) is a horror/alternate history novel by Edward M. Erdelac, set in the prison.</p><br>
<p>The TV movie Andersonville (1996), directed by John Frankenheimer, tells the story of the notorious Confederate prison camp.</p><br>
<p>Max R. Termans Hirams Honor: Reliving Private Terman&#39;s Civil War (2009, Hillsboro, KS: TESA Books, ), is an historical novel.</p><br>
<p>In the TV series Hell on Wheels, the villainous character Thor Gunderson is a survivor of Andersonville; his experiences there have left deep mental scars and fuel his hatred of the protagonist, Confederate veteran Cullen Bohannon, the railway foreman. In the depths of his madness, Gunderson begins calling himself "Mr. Anderson".</p><br>
<p>This camp is briefly mentioned in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, as Angel Eyes (Lee Van Cleef) uses it as an excuse to rule his camp with an iron fist. This is one of the most visible historical errors (anachronisms) in the film, since it is set during the New Mexico Campaign, two years before the opening of the prison.</p><br>
<p>The novel Inferno, by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, contains a brief reference to the camp; in the novel, set in Hell, Billy the Kid remarks that "the guy who ran the Andersonville prison camp" is being eternally tortured on an island in Phlegethon, the river of boiling blood.</p><br>
<p>A novel written in 2014 by Tracy Groot entitled "The Sentinels of Andersonville" depicts some of the Historical players such as Capt. Henry Wirz and General John Winder and fictional prisoners in Andersonville Prison as rebel neighbors, attempting to help the prisoners, were vilified by the town of Americus, GA.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Vincent Benets epic John Browns Body (poem) refers to Andersonville and Wirz&#39;s trial as one of two incidents emblematic of the Civil War POW camps.</p><br>
<h3>Andersonville National Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>Guanabara Bay  is an oceanic bay located in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. On its western shore lies the city of Rio de Janeiro and Duque de Caxias, and on its eastern shore the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo. Four other municipalities surround the bays shores. Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in area in Brazil , at 412 km&sup2, with a perimeter of 143 km.</p><br>
<p>Guanabara Bay is 31 km long and 28 km wide at its maximum. Its 1.5 km wide mouth is flanked at the eastern tip by the Pico do Papagaio (Parrot&#39;s Peak) and the western tip by Pão de Açúcar (Sugar Loaf).</p><br>
<p>The name Guanabara comes from the Tupi language, goanã-pará, from gwa "bay", plus nã "similar to" and ba&#39;ra "sea". Traditionally, it is also translated as "the bosom of sea".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Guanabara Bay was first encountered by Europeans on January 1, 1502, when one of the Portuguese explorers Gaspar de Lemos and Gonçalo Coelho arrived on its shores. According to some historians, the name given by the exploration team to the bay was originally Ria de Janeiro "January Sound", then a confusion took place between the word ria, which at the time was used to designate a bay or a sound, and rio "river". As a result, the name of the bay was soon fixed as Rio de Janeiro.</p><br>
<p>Later, the city was named after the bay. Natives of the Tamoio and Tupiniquim tribes inhabited the shores of the bay.</p><br>
<p>After the initial arrival of the Portuguese, no significant European settlements were established until French colonist and soldiers, under the Huguenot Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon invaded the region in 1555 to establish the France Antarctique. They stayed briefly on Lajes Island, then moved to Serigipe Island, near the shore, where they built Fort Coligny. After they were expelled by Portuguese military expeditions in 1563, the colonial government built fortifications in several points of Guanabara Bay, rendering it almost impregnable against a naval attack from the sea. They were the Santa Cruz, São João, Lajes and Villegaignon forts, forming a fearsome crossfire rectangle of big naval guns. Other islands were adapted by the Navy to host naval storehouses, hospitals, drydocks, oil reservoirs and the National Naval Academy.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>There are more than 130 islands dotting the bay, including:</p><br>
<p>Lajes</p><br>
<p>Ilha do Governador – site of Rio de Janeiro&#39;s Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport</p><br>
<p>Ilha de Paquetá</p><br>
<p>Ilha das Cobras</p><br>
<p>Flores</p><br>
<p>Ilha Fiscal</p><br>
<p>Ilha da Boa Viagem</p><br>
<p>Villegaignon</p><br>
<p>Fundão</p><br>
<p>The bay is crossed by the Rio-Niterói Bridge (13.29 km long and with a central span 72 m high) and there is heavy boat and ship traffic, including regular ferryboat lines. The Port of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the city&#39;s two airports, Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport (on Governador Island) and Santos Dumont Airport (on reclaimed land next to downtown Rio), are located on its shores. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro main campus is located on the artificial Fundão Island. A maze of smaller bridges interconnect the two largest islands, Fundão and Governador, to the mainland.</p><br>
<p>There is an Environmental Protection Area (APA), which is located mostly in the municipality of Guapimirim and given the name of Guapimirim APA.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Guanabara Bay&#39;s once rich and diversified ecosystem has suffered extensive damage in recent decades, particularly along its mangrove areas. The bay has been heavily impacted by urbanization, deforestation, and pollution of its waters with sewage, garbage, and oil spills. As of 2014, more than 70% of the sewage from 12 million inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro now flows into the bay untreated.</p><br>
<p>There have been three major oil spills in Guanabara Bay. The most recent was in 2000 when a leaking underwater pipeline released 1,300,000 l of oil into the bay, destroying large swaths of the mangrove ecosystem. Recovery measures are currently being attempted, but more than a decade after the incident, the mangrove areas have not returned to life.</p><br>
<p>One of the world&#39;s largest landfills is located at Jardim Gramacho adjacent to Guanabara Bay. It was closed in 2012 after 34 years of operation. The landfill attracted attention from environmentalists and it supported 1700 people scavenging for recyclable materials.</p><br>
<p>In June 2014 Dutch windsurfer and former Olympic and world champion Dorian van Rijsselberghe made an urgent appeal to government and industry in the Netherlands to collaborate in cleaning up the bay, together with the Plastic Soup Foundation. The Dutch government picked up the message and formulated a Clean Urban Delta Initiative Rio de Janeiro together with a consortium of Dutch industry, knowledge institutes and NGOs which will be presented to the Brazilian authorities in the State of Rio de Janeiro.</p><br>
<p>As part of the preparations for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, the government was supposed to improve the conditions, but progress has been slow. There have been concerns that the efforts may only be short-term and abandoned following the Games, as there would be little political incentive to continue with them.</p><br>
<p>Marine ecosystem of Guanabara bay was severely damaged; the bay was once a whaling groundJorge S. 2013.</p><br>
<p>. Primeira Leitura. Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017, and today whales no longer or rarely seen while Bryde&#39;s whales can be seen around the bay entrance.Lima D.</p><br>
<p>L. 2016..Globo.com. Retrieved on Septem8er 18, 2017 The bay is also a home to a population of Botos and this population faces severe risks of population decline.</p><br>
<p>Orchid Island  is a 45 km² high island off the southeastern coast of Taiwan Island and separated from the Batanes of the Philippines by the Bashi Channel of the Luzon Strait. It is governed as Lanyu Township of Taitung County, Taiwan.</p><br>
<p>The island is home to the Tao, an ethnic minority group who migrated to the island from the Batan Archipelago 800 years ago. The island is known to them as Ponso no Tao "Island of the people" or Irala. Out of a total current population of 4000, approximately 2400 belong to the aboriginal Tao community and the remaining 1600 are mainly Han Chinese. In neighboring Philippines the island is referred to as Botel Tobago.</p><br>
<p>The Lanyu nuclear waste storage facility was built in 1982 without prior consultation with the island&#39;s Tao natives. The plant receives nuclear waste from Taiwan&#39;s three nuclear power plants operated by state utility Taiwan Power Company (Taipower). About 100,000 barrels of nuclear waste from the nation’s three operational nuclear power plants have been stored at the Lanyu complex. In 2002 and 2012, there were major protests from local residents, calling on Taipower to remove the nuclear waste from the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The island was first mapped on Japanese charts as Tabako-shima in the early 17th century and Tabaco Xima on a French map of 1654. The Chinese, who had no contact with the inhabitants of the island, called it Ang-thau-su , from which it was called during Japanese rule. The Japanese government declared the island an ethnological research area off-limits to the public.</p><br>
<h3>Republic of China</h3><br>
<p>This restriction remained in effect when the Republic of China took over Taiwan in 1945, but was lifted in 1967. It was because of the restriction that the Tao have the best preserved traditions among the Taiwanese aborigines. Since then, schools were built on the island and education in Standard Chinese became compulsory. Tourism to the island has also increased. The island is known by the Amis people as Buturu and by the Puyuma as Botol.</p><br>
<p>On January 19, 1946, the island was designated as Hongtouyu Township of Taitung County. November 24 of that year, it was renamed Orchid Island (Lanyu), after the local Phalaenopsis orchids.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>There are eight mountains over 400 m high. The tallest mountain is Mt. Hongtoushan (紅頭山) at 552 m.</p><br>
<p>The rock on the island is volcanic tholeiite andesite, and volcanic explosive fragments. The volcano erupted in the Miocene period. It is part of the Luzon Volcanic Arc. Magma was formed from underthrusting oceanic crust under compression about 20 km deep. The andesite rock contains some visible crystals of pyroxene or amphibole. The geochemistry of the rock shows it is enriched in sodium, magnesium and nickel, but depleted in iron, aluminium, potassium, titanium, and strontium.</p><br>
<p>As the island is within the tropics, the island experiences a warm and rainy tropical climate throughout the year with humidity often reaching more than 90%. Rainfall, abundant throughout the year, cools the temperature significantly. The climate is classified as a monsoon-influenced Koppen&#39;s tropical rainforest climate (Af), with annual temperatures averaging around 23 °C on the mountain and 26 °C on the coasts, one of the highest in Taiwan.</p><br>
<p>Lesser Orchid Island (Wade-Giles: Hsiao Lan Yü; Pinyin: Xiao Lanyu; Little Botel-Tobago), an uninhabited volcanic islet near the main Orchid Island, is the southernmost point of Taitung County. It has been the target of military airplanes&#39; target practice. It is home to a critically endangered endemic orchid, Phalaenopsis equestris f. aurea.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative divisions</h2><br>
<p>There are seven settlements (社) in Lanyu Township, which are: (The asterisks indicate the four current administrative villages (村)</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Orchid Island hosts many tropical plants species, sharing many species with tropical Asia but also many endemics: there are 35 plant species found nowhere else. For example, Pinanga tashiroi is a species of palm tree found nowhere else than Orchid Island.</p><br>
<p>Green sea turtles make nests on the island, which is surrounded by coral reefs. Four species of sea snakes inhabit the waters round the island. Humpback whales were historically common in the area, and there were continuous sightings of them in the 2000s, which marked the first return of the species into Taiwanese waters since the cessation of whaling. Sightings are reported almost every year, although the whales do not stay for long, as they once did. They appear instead to be migratory visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The islanders are mostly farmers and fishermen relying on a large annual catch of flying fish and on wet taro, yams, and millet. They are the Tao people.</p><br>
<p>On 19 September 2014, the first 7-Eleven store in the island was opened. During the opening ceremony, the township chief said that the store could provide conveniences to the local residents such as fee and tax collection.</p><br>
<h2>Energy</h2><br>
<h3>Nuclear waste</h3><br>
<p>The Lanyu nuclear waste storage facility was built at the southern tip of Orchid Island in 1982. The plant receives nuclear waste from Taiwan&#39;s three nuclear power plants operated by state utility Taiwan Power Company (Taipower). Islanders did not have a say in the decision to locate the facility on the island.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, almost 2,000 protesters, including many Aboriginal residents of Taiwan&#39;s Orchid Island and elementary and high school students, staged a sit-in in front of the storage plant, calling on Taipower to remove nuclear waste from the island. They were also protesting against the government&#39;s failure to keep its pledge to withdraw 100,000 barrels of low-level nuclear waste from their isle by the end of 2002. Aboriginal politicians successfully obstructed legislative proceedings that year to show support for the protests. In a bid to allay safety concerns, Taipower has pledged to repackage the waste since many of the iron barrels used for storage have become rusty from the island&#39;s salty and humid air. Taipower has for years been exploring ways to ship the nuclear waste overseas for final storage, but plans to store the waste in an abandoned North Korean coal mine have met with strong protests from neighboring South Korea and Japan due to safety and environmental concerns, while storage in Russia or China is complicated by political factors. Taipower is "trying to convince the islanders to extend the storage arrangement for another nine years in exchange for payment of NT$200 million (about $5.7 million)".</p><br>
<p>Following years of protests by Lanyu residents, more concerns arose about the facility, after Japan’s Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. A report released in November 2011 said a radioactive leak had been detected outside the facility and this has added to residents’ concerns. In February 2012, hundreds of Tao Aborigines living on Lanyu held a protest outside the Lanyu nuclear waste storage facility, calling on Taiwan Power Co. to remove nuclear waste from the island as soon as possible. Chang Hai-yu, a preacher at a local church, said "it was a tragedy that Tao children are being born into a radiation-filled environment". Lanyu Township Mayor Chiang To-li "urged Taipower to remove nuclear waste from the island as soon as possible".</p><br>
<p>In March 2012, about 2,000 people staged an anti-nuclear protest in Taiwan&#39;s capital following the massive earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan one year ago. Scores of aboriginal protesters "demanded the removal of 100,000 barrels of nuclear waste stored on Orchid Island, off south-eastern Taiwan. Authorities have failed to find a substitute storage site amid increased awareness of nuclear danger over the past decade".</p><br>
<h3>Power generation</h3><br>
<p>The island houses its only power generation facility, the fuel-fired Lanyu Power Plant. Commissioned in 1982, the plant has a total installed capacity of 6.5 MW and is owned and operated by Taipower. Stipulated under Article 14 of the Offshore Islands Development Act, households on the island enjoy free electricity. The situation on the island resulted from the preferential policy given to the island residents due to the construction of the Lanyu storage site on the island in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Due to the free electricity, electricity consumption on the island is generally much higher than in other parts of Taiwan. In 2011, the average annual electricity consumption per household in Lanyu was 6,522 kWh, almost twice the 3,654 kWh Taiwan average. In 2002, Taipower provided an equivalent of NT$6.35 million worth of electricity to the island, and in 2011 the amount rose to NT$24.39 million. Due to this suspected abuse, members of Control Yuan called for an investigation into the electricity subsidy to Lanyu Island in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist attractions</h2><br>
<p>* Lanyu Flying Fish Cultural Museum</p><br>
<p>* Lanyu Lighthouse</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The island is accessible by sea or air. Daily Air is the only airline to offer flights from Taiwan Island through Taitung Airport in Taitung City to Orchid Island through its Lanyu Airport. The flight duration is half an hour and the daily frequency is dependent on weather conditions. Ferry trips to the island are available from Taitung City&#39;s Fugang Fishery Harbor year round, while in the summer, there is a ferry from Houbihu port in Kenting.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>*Yen Shui-long</p><br>
<p>The Yodo River, also called the Seta River  and the Uji River  at portions of its route, is the principal river in Osaka Prefecture on Honshū, Japan. The source of the river is Lake Biwa in Shiga Prefecture to the north.</p><br>
<p>The Yodo River, usually called the Seta River in Shiga Prefecture, begins at the southern outlet of the lake in Ōtsu. There is a dam there to regulate the lake level. Further downstream, the Seta flows into Kyoto Prefecture and changes its name to the Uji River, and then merges with two other rivers, namely the Katsura River and the Kizu River in Kyoto Prefecture. The Katsura has its headwaters in the mountains of Kyoto Prefecture, while the Kizu comes from Mie Prefecture. From the three-river confluence, the river is called the Yodo River, which flows south, through Osaka, and on into Osaka Bay. In Osaka, part of the river has been diverted into an artificial channel; the old course in the heart of Osaka is called the Kyū-Yodo River (literally, Former Yodo River).</p><br>
<p>It serves as a source of water for irrigation and also powers hydroelectric generators.</p><br>
<h2>Uji River</h2><br>
<p>The Uji River, or the Yodo River in Kyoto Prefecture, is a popular fishing spot during the summer and fall months.</p><br>
<p>The Uji River has a prominent place in the so-called "Uji chapters" of the Tale of Genji, a novel written by the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu in the early eleventh century.</p><br>
<p>Mount Stephen, 3,199 m, is a mountain located in the Kicking Horse River Valley of Yoho National Park, ½ km east of Field, British Columbia, Canada. The mountain was named in 1886 for George Stephen, the first president of the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is composed mainly of shales and dolomites from the Cambrian Period, some 550 million years ago. The Stephen Formation, a stratigraphical unit of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin was first described at the mountain and was named for it.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent was made in September 1887 by James. J. McArthur and his assistant T. Riley, which was made even more difficult by the surveying equipment they also carried with them. Unfortunately for them, smoke from forest fires limited visibility from the top.</p><br>
<p>The main route (a scramble) ascends slopes on the southwest face but requires much route finding and the final section of 125 m to the top is rated difficult. A cornice on the summit may prevent parties from reaching the top so if in doubt of conditions, attempts should wait until August. The route also passes through a fossil bed and thus requires a special park permit to be in the area. The elevation gain is 1,920 m.</p><br>
<p>For rock climbers, a route on the north ridge is rated III 5.7 with generally good rock formations composed mainly of quartzite.</p><br>
<p>Kapsas  is a community in the municipal unit of Mantineia in Arcadia on the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece. It is situated in a valley east of the Mainalo mountains, at 700 m elevation. It is 9 km southeast of Levidi, 11 km west of Nestani and 12 km north of Tripoli. The Greek National Road 74  passes through the village.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During World War II, and after the capitulation of Italy, Greece was occupied by Nazi Germany. Villagers of Kapsas helped an Italian soldier named Salvatore hide from the Germans and return to his native Italy. Statues of the school teacher Ioannis Orfanos, his wife and his brother have been erected near the village church in memory of their aid.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The village church of Saint Nicholas possesses a precious icon, donated by the Moscow Patriarchate.</p><br>
<p>The Cave of Kapsia is situated 1 kilometer from the village Kapsia, at the southwest edge of the plain of ancient Mantineia. It is part of a system of active and inactive sinks (ponors) (Greek: katavothra "Καταβόθρα"). In front of the entrance are three ponors. Inside the cave human bone material has been found, according to some researchers from people who drowned during floods in the cave. The cave was used by man during the Neolithic, Hellenistic period and the fourth to sixth century AD.</p><br>
<p>The Königssee is a natural lake in the extreme southeast Berchtesgadener Land district of the German state of Bavaria, near the Austrian border. Most of the lake is within the Berchtesgaden National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Situated within the Berchtesgaden Alps in the municipality of Schönau am Königsee, just south of Berchtesgaden and the Austrian city of Salzburg, the Königssee is Germany&#39;s third deepest lake. Located at a Jurassic rift, it was formed by glaciers during the last ice age. It stretches about 7.7 km in a north-south direction, and is about 1.7 km across at its widest point. Except at its outlet, the Königsseer Ache at the village of Königssee, the lake is similar to a fjord, being surrounded by the steeply-rising flanks of mountains up to 2,700 m, including the Watzmann massif in the west.</p><br>
<p>The literal translation of the name, Königssee, appears to be "king&#39;s lake&quot however while König does indeed mean "king", there had been no Bavarian kings since the days of Louis the German until Elector Maximilian I Joseph assumed the royal title in 1806. Therefore, the name more probably stems from the first name Kuno of local nobles, who appear in several historical sources referring to the donation of the Berchtesgaden Provostry in the twelfth century; the lake was formerly called Kunigsee.</p><br>
<p>The Königssee Railway (Königsseebahn) served the lake from 1909 until 1965. Its last tracks were dismantled during 1971, and the former station of the Königssee Railway in Berchtesgaden (Königsseer Bahnhof) was demolished in 2012. The only remaining element of the railway is the Königsee station, which is now a restaurant. The track route is mostly used as a walking path.</p><br>
<p>In 1944 a sub-camp of the Dachau concentration camp was located near where Heinrich Himmler had a residence built at Schönau for his mistress Hedwig Potthast.</p><br>
<p>The lake is noted for its clear water and is advertised as the cleanest lake in Germany. For this reason, only electric-powered passenger ships, rowing, and pedal boats have been permitted on the lake since 1909. Passenger services along the length of the lake are operated by the Bayerische Seenschifffahrt company and call at Seelände (Schönau), St. Bartholomä, Salet (mid-April to mid-October), and Kessel (on request). In ideal conditions, the longest tour takes two hours from Seelände to Salet. Swimming is permitted except in the lock area at Seelände.</p><br>
<p>Due to its picturesque setting, the lake and surrounding parklands are very popular with tourists and hikers. In addition, the surrounding sheer rock walls create an echo known for its clarity. On boat tours, it has become traditional to stop and play a flugelhorn or trumpet to demonstrate the echo. Previously demonstrated by shooting a cannon, the echo can be heard to reverberate up to seven times. The trumpeter plays along with the returning sounds, so that there seem to be as many as seven players.</p><br>
<p>St. Bartholomä, a famous pilgrimage church with an inn nearby, is located on a peninsula about halfway down the western lake shore. The small Christlieger island is located near its northern end. South of the Königssee, separated by the Salet moraine, is the smaller Obersee lake with the 470 m high Röthbach waterfall. Because there is no lakeside path on the steep shore of the Königssee, St. Bartholomä and the southern edge can only be reached by boat, or via hiking trails up the surrounding mountains, except during harsh winters when the lake freezes over. Stepping on the ice, however, can be fatal, as it was for a motorist who, in winter 1964, drowned in his Volkswagen Beetle on the way back from St. Bartholomä. The car was found only in 1997 at a depth of about 100 m</p><br>
<p>Chan Chan, the largest city of the pre-Columbian era in South America, is now an archaeological site in La Libertad Region 5 km west of Trujillo, Peru. - Chan Chan, Peru, End of an Empire by Bruce Hathaway</p><br>
<p>Chan Chan is located in the mouth of the Moche Valley and was the capital of the historical empire of the Chimor from 900 to 1470, when they were defeated and incorporated into the Inca Empire. Chimor, a conquest state, developed from the Chimú culture which established itself along the Peruvian coast around 1400 AD. In the Chimú tongue, Quingnam, Chan Chan means "Sun Sun;" it was named for its sunny climate which is cooled year round by a southerly breeze.</p><br>
<p>Chan Chan is in a particularly arid section of the coastal desert of northern Peru. Due to the lack of rain in this area, the major source of water for Chan Chan is in the form of rivers carrying surface runoff from the Andes. This runoff allows for control of land and water through irrigation systems.</p><br>
<p>The city of Chan Chan spanned 20 km² and had a dense urban center of 6 km² which contained extravagant ciudadelas. The splendor of these ciudadelas suggests their association with the royal class. Housing for the lower classes of Chan Chan&#39;s hierarchical society are known as small, irregular agglutinated rooms (SIARs). Because the lower classes were often artisans whose role in the empire was to produce crafts, many of these SIARs were used as workshops.</p><br>
<p>The coordinates chosen at right for the location of Chan Chan were determined using "Figure 1: Archaeological Zone of Chan Chan" from Michael West&#39;s article, "". In this figure, it can be seen that Verlarde, Laberinto, and Bandelier form the northern border of Chan Chan while Uhle, Chaiguac, Tschudi, and Rivero form its southern flanks. The location chosen for the coordinates is in the center of these cities and so represents a central location for the ruins of Chan Chan amidst this archaeological zone.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name is probabilly derived from the Quingnam "Jiang" or "Chang" which means Sun, from which Chan-Chan would be literally: Sun-Sun. It is hypothesized that its true meaning would be: Great sun, resplendent Sun, splendid sun or refulgent sun (since a typical feature of the Quingnam language is that the reduplication of a word acquires a new meaning). Another theory says that the name would derive from the term: Shian or Sian. The "Shi" voice translates as Moon and "An" as house, meaning House of the Moon, making known that the Moon was the main deity.</p><br>
<h2>Brief history</h2><br>
<p>Chan Chan is believed to have been constructed around 850 AD by the Chimú. It was the Chimor empire capital city with an estimated population of 40,000-60,000 people.</p><br>
<p>After the Inca conquered the Chimú around 1470 AD, Chan Chan fell into decline. In 1535 AD, Francisco Pizarro founded the Spanish city of Trujillo which pushed Chan Chan further into the shadows. While no longer a teeming capital city, Chan Chan was still well known for its great riches and was consequently looted by the Spaniards. An indication of the great Chimú wealth is seen in a sixteenth century list of items looted from a burial tomb in Chan Chan; a treasure equivalent to 80,000 pesos of gold was recovered (nearly ).</p><br>
<p>In 1969, Michael Moseley and Carol J. Mackey began excavations of Chan Chan; today these excavations continue under the Peruvian Instituto Nacional de Cultura.</p><br>
<h3>Conservation plan</h3><br>
<p>In 1998, The "Master Plan for Conservation and Management of the Chan Chan Archeological Complex" was drawn up by the Freedom National Culture Institute of Peru with contributions from the World Heritage Foundation - WHR, ICCROM, and GCI. The plan was approved by the Peruvian Government.</p><br>
<h4>World Heritage Site</h4><br>
<p>On 28 November 1986, UNESCO designated Chan Chan as a World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological site</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site covers an area of approximately 20 square kilometers, being considered the largest adobe city on the Americas and the second on the world.</p><br>
<p>The walled compounds (palaces) that make up the metropolis are the following:</p><br>
<h3>Walled compound Nik An (Ex Tschudi)</h3><br>
<p>The walled complex "Nik An" is the greatest in illustration of the importance of water, particularly of the sea, and of the cult that surrounded it in the Chimu culture. The high reliefs of the walls represent fish, directed towards the north and the south (what can be interpreted as representation of the two currents that mark the Peruvian coast: that of Humboldt, cold, that comes from the south and the one of El Niño, hot, that comes from the north), waves, rombito (fishing nets), as well as pelicans and anzumitos (mixture of sea lion and otter).</p><br>
<p>This coastal society was governed by the powerful Chimucapac and was united by the force of a social control originated in the necessity of a strict management of the water, as well as by the external threats. The "Nik An" complex had a single entrance and high walls up to twelve meters for a better defense, and was wider at its bases (five meters) than at its summits (one meter), in anticipation of possible earthquakes on the seismic coast.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>For more information about visiting Chan Chan, the following link can direct you to a brief overview of the site as well as information about the Museum of Chan Chan: http://www.lonelyplanet.com/peru/around-trujillo/sights/historic/chan-chan</p><br>
<p>The city has ten walled ciudadelas which housed ceremonial rooms, burial chambers, temples, reservoirs and residences for the Chimú kings. small, irregular agglutinated rooms (SIARs) and mounds called huacas. Evidence for the significance of these structures is seen in many funerary ceramics recovered from Chan Chan. Many images seemingly depict structures very similar to audencias which indicates the cultural importance of architecture to the Chimú people of Chan Chan. Additionally, it should be noted that the construction of these massive architectural feats indicates that there was a large labor force available at Chan Chan. This further supports evidence for a hierarchical structure of society in Chan Chan as it was likely that the construction of this architecture was done by the working class.</p><br>
<p>Chan Chan is triangular, surrounded by 50 – walls. There are no enclosures opening north because the north-facing walls have the greatest sun exposure, serving to block wind and absorb sunlight where fog is frequent. The tallest walls shelter against south-westerly winds from the coast. The walls are adobe brick covered with a smooth surface into which intricate designs are carved. The two styles of carving design include a realistic representation of subjects such as birds, fish, and small mammals, as well as a more graphic, stylized representation of the same subjects. The carvings at Chan Chan depict crabs, turtles, and nets for catching sea creatures (such as Spondylus. Chan Chan, unlike most coastal ruins in Peru, is very close to the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h3>Irrigation</h3><br>
<p>Originally the city relied on wells that were around 15 meters deep. To increase the farmland surrounding the city, a vast network of canals diverting water from the Moche river were created. Once these canals were in place, the city had the potential to grow exponentially. Many canals to the north were destroyed by a catastrophic flood around 1100 CE, which was the key motivation for the Chimú to refocus their economy to one rooted in foreign resources rather than in subsistence farming.</p><br>
<h3>Threats</h3><br>
<p>The ancient structures of Chan Chan are threatened by erosion due to changes in weather patterns — heavy rains, flooding, and strong winds. In particular, the city is severely threatened by storms from El Niño, which cause heavy rains and flooding on the Peruvian coast.</p><br>
<p>Fort Stanwix National Monument is a United States National Historic Site in Rome, New York, managed by the National Park Service . The current fort is a reconstruction of the historic Fort Stanwix occupying approximately 16 acre of downtown Rome. The fort site—although not the reconstruction itself—is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Fort Stanwix is historically significant because of its successful defense by American troops during an August 1777 siege. The fort had been built by the British in 1758 at a strategic site along the water route from Lake Ontario to the Hudson River. After American forces captured and rebuilt the fort during the American Revolutionary War, they were besieged by a British army that invaded from Canada via Lake Ontario, hoping to reach the Hudson River. The British force abandoned the siege, a consequence that helped lead to the defeat of a larger British army during the Saratoga campaign.</p><br>
<p>Fort Stanwix was also the site of the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix between Britain and Native American tribes, as well as of the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix between the tribes and the American government.</p><br>
<p>Besides the fort reconstruction itself, the national monument includes three short trails that encircle it, one of which follows a portion of the Oneida Carry. The Marinus Willett Collections Management and Education Center preserves the monument’s 485,000 artifacts and documents, displays exhibits about Fort Stanwix and the Mohawk Valley, and serves as a regional tourism center.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative history</h2><br>
<p>President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed enabling legislation that created the national monument on August 21, 1935; at that time, the land that would ultimately be used for the monument was occupied by the businesses and residences of downtown Rome. During the 1960s, Rome city leaders lobbied for a fort reconstruction as part of an urban renewal program to help revitalize downtown Rome. Under political pressure from Senator Robert Kennedy (D-NY), who was seeking political support in upstate New York, the Park Service reluctantly agreed to build a reconstruction of the Revolutionary War-era fort.</p><br>
<p>The Park Service completed a master plan for Fort Stanwix in 1967, and in 1970, the NPS began a three-year archaeological investigation. Reconstruction of the fort began in 1974, and the partially completed structure was opened to the public in time for the United States Bicentennial celebration in 1976. The current reconstruction—an earth-and-timber-clad, reinforced concrete structure surrounding three freestanding buildings—was completed in 1978.</p><br>
<p>From 1976 until the mid-1990s, the national monument explained the significance of the national monument to visitors using first-person interpretation to portray the fort immediately after the siege (1777–78), emphasizing life during the American Revolution. More recently, third-person interpretation has extended visitor understanding to the French and Indian War as well as the role played by the fort during the negotiation of a series of treaties with Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>Chavín de Huántar is an archaeological site in Peru, containing ruins and artifacts constructed beginning at least by 1200 BC and occupied by later cultures until around 400-500 BC by the Chavín, a major pre-Inca culture. The site is located in the Ancash Region, 250 km north of Lima, at an elevation of 3,180 m, east of the Cordillera Blanca at the start of the Conchucos Valley. Chavín de Huántar has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Some of the Chavín relics from this archaeological site are on display in the Museo de la Nación in Lima and the Museo Nacional de Chavín in Chavin itself.</p><br>
<p>Occupation at Chavín de Huántar has been carbon dated to at least 3000 BC, with ceremonial center activity occurring primarily toward the end of the second millennium, and through the middle of the first millennium BC. While the fairly large population was based on an agricultural economy, the city&#39;s location at the headwaters of the Marañón River, between the coast and the jungle, made it an ideal location for the dissemination and collection of both ideas and material goods. This archeological site is a large ceremonial center that has revealed a great deal about the Chavín culture. Chavín de Huántar served as a gathering place for people of the region to come together and worship. The transformation of the center into a valley-dominating monument had a complex effect; it became a pan-regional place of importance. People went to Chavin de Huantar as a center: to attend and participate in rituals, consult an oracle, or enter a cult.</p><br>
<p>Findings at Chavín de Huántar indicate that social instability and upheaval began to occur between 500 and 300 BCE, at the same time that the larger Chavín civilization began to decline. Large ceremonial sites were abandoned, some unfinished, and were replaced by villages and agricultural land. At Chavín de Huántar, no later than 500 BCE, a small village replaced the Circular Plaza. The plaza was occupied by a succession of cultural groups, and residents salvaged building stones and stone carvings to use in house walls. Multiple occupation floors indicate the village was continuously occupied through the 1940s.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The Chavin civilization was centered on the site of Chavin de Huantar, the religious center of the Chavin people and the capital of the Chavin culture. The temple is a massive flat-topped pyramid surrounded by lower platforms. It is a U-shaped plaza with a sunken circular court in the center. The inside of the temple walls are decorated with sculptures and carvings. Chavin de Huantar was constructed over many stages starting prior to 1200 BC, with most major construction over by 750 BC. The site continued in use as a ceremonial center until around 500 BC, but prior to 400 BC its primary religious function had ceased, and the site was occupied by casual residents of the highly distinct cultural tradition, Huaraz. During its heyday, Chavin de Huantar was used as a religious center for ceremonies and events, perhaps a home for an oracle. The site contains a number of major structures, including Temples A, B, C and D, and areas and buildings designated as the Major Plaza, the Circular Plaza, the Old Temple and New Temple, although the latter two designations are no longer accurate in light of recent research advances.</p><br>
<p>The "Circular Plaza" appears to have been a sacred and ritually important open-air space within a ceremonial center. Prior to 800–700 BC, this location had a number of functions, including serving as an atrium for entering Temple A through the temple&#39;s north staircase. The plaza in the classic period, after 700 BC, is bounded on three sides by major Temples A, B, and C. The plaza is perfectly circular and is close to 20 m in diameter, with a floor consisted of pillow-shaped pavers of yellow diatomite. It appears that a center line of black limestone blocks runs on its architectural east-west axis. Walls of the plaza were constructed of cut stone, principally granite, laid in courses of varying width. The two broadest courses were carved in arcs closest to the western staircase and in two pairs of terminal stones flanking the eastern staircase.</p><br>
<p>The "Old Temple", dating from the early site&#39;s history, was an inward-facing structure composed primarily of passageways built around a circular courtyard. The structure contained obelisks and stone monuments with relief carvings depicting jaguars, caimans, and other forms with anthropomorphic features. The Lanzón Gallery, located at the very center, contained a sculpture of the Lanzón, which is assumed to be a supreme deity of Chavín de Huántar. The figure is anthropomorphic, with a feline head and human body. Mortars, pestles, conch-shell trumpets, and many other items have also been found. Many of these artifacts have an anthropomorphic design or decoration and are thought to be associated with Chavín rituals.</p><br>
<p>The "New Temple", constructed between 500 and 200 BC, is also based on a gallery and plaza design and contained many relief sculptures. The Lanzon deity is also present, holding a strombus shell in the right hand while the left hand holds a Spondylus shell.</p><br>
<p>The architectural design of Chavín de Huántar changed over time as an old temple development was added to with a new temple. Changes were more complex than in one stage of renovation. Smaller renovations happened consistently over the Chavín horizon ending by about 500 BC when the new temple was completed. With the simpler design of the old temple, Chavín de Huántar followed the U-shaped ceremonial center design accompanied by a sunken circular plaza. After the new temple was complete, Chavín de Huántar still embodied a U-shaped ceremonial center design. The renovations enlarged the site considerably and added a larger sunken rectangular plaza. The main objective of the renovations appears to be based on enabling more people to gather in one place, as the site in general expanded.</p><br>
<p>Excavation of burial sites gave evidence of a small elite class whose tombs contained elaborate burial goods, consisting of precious metals, colorful textiles, and other valuables. Most burials were simpler, with bodies interred in shallow pits with cotton clothing and a simple tool kit.</p><br>
<p>Local style in art and decoration included scrolls, simple curves, straight lines, and images of wild animals. Chavín sculpture is usually of white granite and black limestone. Carved stone mortars and pestles, conch-shell trumpets, bone tubes and spatulas, and metal spatulas and spoons were found decorated in Chavín style as were various textiles including tapestries. Pottery was found in a wide variety of forms, including bottles and bowls, decorated with a wider range of distinctive elements.</p><br>
<h2>Site significance</h2><br>
<p>This site holds a large amount of geographical and religious significance which may be one of the reasons why the location was used as a large ceremonial center and a center of power for the Chavín culture. Chavín de Huántar is located north of modern day Lima at the confluence of two rivers: the Mosna river and the Huanchecsa river. As a result this site allows for easy transportation and, at the same time, limited access to outsiders. Chavín de Huántar itself is located on a lowland valley where the two rivers merge and high altitude valleys are located nearby. Consequently, the people at Chavín de Huántar were able to cultivate lowland crops such as maize and high altitude crops such as potatoes. The people were also domesticating llamas in the high altitude areas for food and as a means to carrying heavy loads on the steep slopes of the hills.</p><br>
<p>The religious significance of Chavín de Huántar depends upon the geography of the site. The confluence of two large rivers has shown religious significance in past cultures, and thus it makes sense that the location of Chavín de Huántar was utilized as a religious ceremonial center. The confluence of two rivers is referred to as tinkuy, which can be defined as the harmonious meeting of opposing forces. It has been suggested that Chavin de Huantar served as the meeting place of the natural and cosmic forces. The area is known to have natural hot springs as well as an awe-inspiring view of the Wantsan peak which could both add to religious significance of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in 2004, Global Heritage Fund (GHF) began conservation work at this UNESCO World Heritage Site. According to GHF, their work has involved:</p><br>
<p>John Rick of Stanford University has studied the site with laser scanning in an attempt to determine whether it was "planned by an elite or had resulted from some grassroots religious fervor." Because details such as stair placement remain constant throughout generations of builders, the site may be a very early example of the use of a standardized building code.</p><br>
<p>CyArk has made a available, based on its 2005-2006 laser scanning and digital preservation project.</p><br>
<p>Westminster Hall and Burying Ground is a graveyard and former church located at 519 West Fayette Street  in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Occupying the southeast corner of West Fayette and North Greene Street on the west side of downtown Baltimore, the site is probably most famous as the burial site of Edgar Allan Poe, . The complex was declared a national historic district in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The graveyard was established in January 1787 by the First Presbyterian Church of Baltimore, from land on the westside of old Baltimore Town purchased by a committee of noted laymen consisting of William Smith, John Boyd, and William Patterson (locally prominent merchant, civic activist, owner of future Patterson Park, and father of noted Baltimore socialite/debutante Elizabeth ("Betsy") Patterson, (1785-1879), who married Jerome Bonaparte in 1803, brother of the French Emperor Napoleon I) from Col. John Eager Howard, (1752-1827), former commander of the famous "Maryland Line" regiment of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Col. Howard owned the estate and mansion of "Belvidere", in what was called "Howard&#39;s Woods", north and west of Baltimore Town (later to become the neighborhood of Mount Vernon-Belvedere, and the site of the landmark Washington Monument, 1815-1829) and the Roman Catholic Baltimore Cathedral (now the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 1806-1821). First Presbyterian, a congregation of socially and economically elite local Presbyterians and Reformed Protestants, then was located in downtown Baltimore since its founding in 1761 at the northwest corner of East Fayette Street at North Street (later Guilford Avenue) in a landmark twin-spired Georgian architecture-Federal style architecture structure from 1790-1795. Over the next 60 years from 1787, the old "Western Burying Grounds" (or cemetery) became the final resting place for many important and influential merchants, politicians, statesmen, and dozens of veterans (officers and soldiers) of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) and War of 1812 (1812-1815), who were citizens of the burgeoning and soon-to-be, the third largest city in America - Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>Today, this "who&#39;s who" of early Baltimore is overshadowed by the later presence of the promising writer, poet and author Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849), who was buried here in October 1849, following his sudden and mysterious death after being found on the street near East Lombard Street in the Jonestown / Old Town neighborhood in a sick and semi-conscious state wearing unfamiliar clothes. Poe was taken to the Church Home and Infirmary on Broadway (between East Fayette and Baltimore Streets on "Washington Hill"), where he died four days later. He was interred in the old Western Burying Grounds of the First Presbyterian Church. Some time later a small stone was erected at the plot in the southeastern corner of the cemetery, through the efforts of his relative Neilson Poe. By a year later, a substantial church was planned to be erected over the grounds built upon supporting brick and stone arches to preserve the resting places of those interred below. The new Westminster Presbyterian Church sponsored by the earlier parishes of First Church and the newer Franklin Street Presbyterian Church, along with the Presbytery of Baltimore was organized and dedicated in July 1852.</p><br>
<p>Because of his subsequent growing literary fame as the 19th Century progressed following his death, a resolution was offered by Prof. John Basil, Jr., principal of the nearby Grammar School Number 8, and was adopted appointing a committee of five—Professors Basil, (Principal Thomas D. Baird and professor J.J.G. Webster (of the Central High School of Baltimore, (later renamed in 1866 as The Baltimore City College), along with Misses Veeder and Wise -- "to devise some means best adapted in their judgment to perpetuate the memory of one who has contributed so largely to American literature" and a subscription was taken up in October 1865 by several leaders and members of the Public School Teachers Association. Numerous activities to raise further funds were held for some time by the pupils and the teachers of the Baltimore City Public Schools, including various entertainments by the young ladies of the Western and Eastern Female High Schools, under the direction of Miss S. A. Rice. By March 1871 the "Poe Memorial Fund" amounted to about $587.00. Then a new committee of Profs. Elliott (City College), Kerr and Hamilton and Misses Rice and Baer, professors of English and Literature at the Western-Eastern High Schools, was appointed and by April 1872, resolved to apply the monies so collected to erection of a monument over Poes grave. By September 1874, with the estate of the late deceased Principal Thomas D. Baird of the City College being donated consisting of $627.55, the young municipal architect of the new Baltimore City Hall being built on Holliday Street 1867-1875, Mr. George A. Frederick, was requested to design a suitable stone monument, which later ran over the expected cost, however the balance was made up by a generous donation from a Philadelphian, Mr. George W. Childs, of $650.00. The monument was then carved by local sculptor and stonemason Hugh Sisson. Poes body was exhumed and moved to the new more prominent northwestern site near the cemetery entrance gate at the corner of North Greene and West Fayette Streets. The monument was dedicated November 17, 1875 in the presence of a large concourse of spectators with addresses by Profs. William Elliott, Jr. (new City College principal), Henry E. Shepherd (Western High), and the locally famous civic activist, author-artist and orator John H. B. Latrobe, and representatives of several other public schools, colleges and institutions. The design of the monument consists of a pedestal (or die block) with an ornamental cap wholly of marble, resting on two marble slabs, and a granite base. The front of the die block bears a medallion portrait of the author-poet by the sculptor Volck, while on the western side appear the lines of inscription: "Edgar Allan Poe: born Jan. 20, 1809; died Oct. 7, 1849."</p><br>
<p>Annual observances on his birth and death dates at his grave side are still conducted to this day, attended by the WHT officials, Presbyterian Church clergy and members of several literary, educational and historical societies (such as the Poe Society of Baltimore), representatives of the several Baltimore City public high schools whose predecessors sponsored the Monuments over 140 years ago (Baltimore City College with their two old competing literary and debating societies: Bancroft and Carrollton-Wight, and the Western High School and the Eastern High School) and the general public and media. There is also additionally, very popular tours of the graves and catacombs below the old church and hall and activities on the festival of "Halloween" in late October. Plus there has been for several decades, the legends of the "Poe Toaster" on the anniversary of his birthday in January, leaving a bottle of cognac and a single red rose by the grave mysteriously in the dark hours of night, until suddenly stopping a few years ago possibly because of the death of the stranger and his succeeding descendent/friend.</p><br>
<p>In July 1852, Westminster Presbyterian Church was erected overtop the graveyard, its brick piers straddling gravestones and burial vaults to create what later Baltimoreans referred to as the "catacombs." For years, it was thought that the Gothic Revival-style Westminster Presbyterian Church was built in response to a new city ordinance prohibiting cemeteries that were not adjacent to a religious structure. Research in the early 1980s by historian Michael Franch found no such ordinance—and revealed a more complex motive: The congregation hoped that the new expansion church would serve Baltimore&#39;s growing "West End"—new churches were then springing up in every corner of the city in response to a dramatic increase in population—and provide protection to an aging, old-fashioned, 18th Century-style "burying ground" that few saw as an appropriate resting place for the more up-to-date 19th Century.</p><br>
<p>Westminster Presbyterian Church lived up to its promise and ministry for several decades, but suffered a dramatic loss of congregants by the early 1900s who were moving to the outer city and its suburbs and joining additional Presbyterian and other congregations there. Even First Presbyterian and the Franklin Street congregations eventually merged in 1974, (now known as "First and Franklin Street Presbyterian Church") moving to the First Church building at the corner of Park Avenue and West Madison Streets, with the old Franklin Street building now being used by a fundamentalist Protestant congregation that however takes good care of its historic building. Revived in the 1920s by a number of new active members, the congregation continued until 1977 when the Westminster Presbyterian congregation was disbanded/disorganized and historical assets were reverted to the local Presbytery of Baltimore and arrangements were made when care of the church building and premises was assumed by the University of Marylands School of Law, which occupies the rest of the square block to the south, southeast and east bounded by West Baltimore, North Paca, West Fayette and North Greene streets. The School of Laws city block campus is also surrounded by the urban neighborhood of the other buildings, facilities, medical center, parking garages and public squares of the various graduate schools of the University of Maryland at Baltimores westside/downtown campus, founded in 1807. Under the auspices of the newly organized, non-profit "Westminster Preservation Trust", the "burying grounds" were cleaned up and the church was renovated for secular public use, now known as "Westminster Hall". Support and a listing has also been obtained from the Maryland Historical Trust and other heritage and tourism organizations such as the newly established efforts of the Baltimore National Heritage Area, with the National Park Service, with cooperation from the Maryland Historical Society, the Baltimore City Historical Society, Baltimore Heritage, Preservation Maryland, and the Office of Promotion and the Arts in the Mayors Office of the City of Baltimore plus the Baltimore City Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation. In 2006, the Westminster Preservation Trust installed more than 20 interpretive signs around the burying ground and catacombs to provide historical and biographical information on the area.</p><br>
<p>The site has been used in an episode of "Creepy Canada", with paranormal investigators from discussing its possible haunting.</p><br>
<h2>Persons of note interred</h2><br>
<p>A number of famous Marylanders are interred here, including many Revolutionary War patriots and veterans of the War of 1812. Other Marylanders include:</p><br>
<p>James Calhoun (1743&ndash;1816), last Mayor of Baltimore Town and first Mayor of the City of Baltimore</p><br>
<p>James Morrison Harris (1817&ndash;1898), USA Representative (Congressman)</p><br>
<p>Edward Johnson (1767&ndash;1829), Mayor of Baltimore during British attack in September 1814, in the War of 1812, chair of the "Committee of Vigilance and Safety", leading the city&#39;s civilian defense efforts and later erecting the memorial Battle Monument and city symbol.</p><br>
<p>Philip Barton Key (1818&ndash;1859), son of Francis Scott Key, Shot and killed in a famous murder by Daniel E. Sickles, his lover&#39;s husband and later Civil War general, at Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C., 27 February 1859</p><br>
<p>James McHenry (1753&ndash;1816), signer of the USA Constitution for Maryland in 1787 and third USA Secretary of War under first President George Washington and successor John Adams, namesake for Fort McHenry in Baltimore harbor.</p><br>
<p>Edgar Allan Poe (1809&ndash;1849), short story writer, editor and critic</p><br>
<p>Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe (1822&ndash;1847), teen-age wife of Edgar Allan Poe</p><br>
<p>Maria Clemm (1790&ndash;1871), mother-in-law and aunt of Edgar Allan Poe</p><br>
<p>William Henry Leonard Poe (1807&ndash;1831), brother of Edgar Allan Poe</p><br>
<p>General David Poe, Sr. (1743&ndash;1816), grandfather of Edgar Allan Poe, served in the American Revolutionary War</p><br>
<p>Robert Smith (1757&ndash;1842), USA Secretary of the Navy, Secretary Of State, and Attorney General</p><br>
<p>Samuel Smith (1752&ndash;1839), wealthy successful merchant, USA Representative (Congressman), USA Senator, and Mayor of Baltimore, and Major General, commander of the Maryland Militia in the War of 1812, with overall command during the British attack in September 1814 and the Battle of Baltimore, with the fortification/defensive forces on "Loudenschlager&#39;s and Potters Hills (now "Hampstead Hill" on the west side of Patterson Park), the Bombardment of Fort McHenry by the Royal Navy fleet in the Patapsco River and the previous land skirmish in the Battle of North Point, on the Patapsco Neck peninsula in southeast Baltimore County.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Sterett (1758&ndash;1833), USA Representative (Congressman)</p><br>
<p>David Stewart (1800&ndash;1858), USA Senator</p><br>
<p>John Stricker (1758&ndash;1825), War of 1812 Maryland Militia Brigadier General of the Baltimore City Brigade and commander at the Battle of North Point.</p><br>
<h3>Edgar Allan Poe</h3><br>
<p>Westminster Hall is the location of the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museums annual Poe birthday celebration every January, often featuring theatrical presentations and an apple cider toast. The organization claims it is the worlds largest Poe birthday celebration. On Poe&#39;s birthday, January 19th, an unidentified man in covering hat and long coat, known endearingly as the "Poe Toaster" for several decades mysteriously visited the burying ground to make an annual tribute to Poe, leaving a bottle of cognac and three red roses. The tradition seemingly ended in 2009, possibly with the death of the unknown visitor and his descendent or friend.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>Westminster Hall and Burying Ground was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Star-Spangled Banner Flag House, formerly the Flag House & Star-Spangled Banner Museum, is a museum located in the Jonestown/Old Town and Little Italy neighborhoods of eastern downtown Baltimore, Maryland, United States.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1793, it was the home of Mary Pickersgill when she moved to Baltimore in 1806 and the location where she sewed the "Star Spangled Banner," the garrison flag that flew over Fort McHenry in the summer of 1814 during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. The museum contains furniture and antiques from the period as well as items from the Pickersgill family.</p><br>
<p>A 12,600 ft&sup2; museum was constructed next to Pickersgill&#39;s home. This museum houses exhibits on the War of 1812 and the Battle of Baltimore. It has an orientation theater, giftshop, exhibit galleries, and meeting rooms. The museum features a 30 by 42 ft tall window which was created to be the same color, size, and design of the original Star-Spangled Banner made by Pickersgill in the adjacent Flag House.</p><br>
<h2>Post Pickersgill</h2><br>
<p>In 1927 the house was sold to the City of Baltimore and the newly established Star-Spangled Banner Flag House Association which grew out of a number of members who had participated in the earlier Centennial Celebration in 1914. In the twenty years prior to that, the home had been used for a variety of services including: a post office, bank and shipping facility. Prior to 1908 the house was occupied by Placido Milio and his family. In 1928 it was dubbed a historic shrine.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Additional restoration and expansion efforts were initiated by Mayor Thomas J. D’Alesandro, Jr., twenty-five years after the initial establishment of a historical museum in the Flag House in 1952, including a building for a museum with exhibits area and office space. Mayor D&#39;Alesandro was especially interested and concerned since he had lived all his life just a few blocks away to the southeast in the neighborhood of "Little Italy", which had formerly been of part of the eastern downtown area of "Jonestown", also known as "Old Town" on the east bank of the stream Jones Falls which flows through downtown. They worked in hopes of completing the home to a full restoration including replica furnishings from the time period. Although some of the money used to fuel this project came from emergency funds for the year, donations were also accepted. Many claimed that the proposed eastern route of the Jones Falls Expressway would ruin the natural environment of the home.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a National Historic Landmark under the Historic Sites Act of 1935 program of the U. S. Department of the Interior&#39;s National Park Service in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Activism</h2><br>
<p>At various times in its history, the Flag House has served as the backdrop for patriotic activism.</p><br>
<p>At a Flag House ceremony in June 1955 celebrating the opening of National Flag Week, retired Brigadier General Bonner Fellers in a speech advocated for “an overwhelming air force, without conscription” and an end to diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union. He also warned against ceding American sovereignty through a status of forces treaty and strongly urged in favor of the adaptation of the Bricker Amendment.</p><br>
<p>In June 1961, during a ceremony in which a stone map of the USA was dedicated to the museum that featured stones from all fifty states, Representative Gordon L. McDonough (R., CA) stood before a crowd of 375 people and advocated for a return “to good old-fashioned American patriotism” and for adopting Flag Day as a national holiday.</p><br>
<p>In May 1980, the Flag House held a press conference where they launched a nationwide drive to encourage all Americans to “Pause for the Pledge” on Flag Day, which in June 1985, was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan in Public Law 99-54, recognizing the pause for the pledge of allegiance as part of National Flag Day activities.</p><br>
<p>The Banqiao Reservoir Dam is a dam on the River Ru in Zhumadian City, Henan province, China. Its failure in 1975 caused more casualties than any other dam failure in history at an estimated 171,000 deaths and 11 million displaced. The dam was subsequently rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The Banqiao dam and Shimantan Reservoir Dam are among 62 dams in Zhumadian that failed catastrophically or were intentionally destroyed in 1975 during Typhoon Nina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the Banqiao dam began in April 1951 on the Ru River with the help of Soviet consultants as part of a project to control flooding and provide electrical power generation. The construction was a response to severe flooding in the Huai River Basin in 1949 and 1950. The dam was completed in June 1952. Because of the absence of hydrology data, the design standard was lower than usual. After the 1954 Huai River great flood, the upstream reservoirs including Banqiao were extended, constructed, and consolidated. Banqiao Dam was increased in height by three meters. The dam crest level was 116.34 meters above sea level and the crest level of the wave protection wall was 117.64 meters above sea level. The total capacity of the reservoir was 492 million m (398,000 acre feet), with 375 million m (304,000 acre feet) reserved for flood storage. The dam was made of clay and was 24.5 meters high. The maximum discharge of the reservoir was 1742 m/s.</p><br>
<p>Cracks in the dam and sluice gates appeared after completion due to construction and engineering errors. They were repaired with the advice from Soviet engineers and the new design, dubbed the iron dam, was considered unbreakable.</p><br>
<p>Chen Xing (陈惺), one of Chinas foremost hydrologists, was involved in the design of the dam. He was also a vocal critic of the governments dam building policy, which involved many dams in the basin. He had recommended 12 sluice gates for the Banqiao Dam, but this was criticized as being too conservative, and the number was reduced to five. Other dams in the project, including the Shimantan Dam, had a similar reduction of safety features and Chen was removed from the project. In 1961, after problems with the water system were revealed, he was brought back to help. Chen continued to be an outspoken critic of the system and was again removed from the project.</p><br>
<h3>1975 Banqiao Dam Flood</h3><br>
<p>Officially, the dam failure was a natural as opposed to man-made disaster, with government sources placing an emphasis on the amount of rainfall as opposed to poor engineering and construction. The Peoples Daily has maintained that the dam was designed to survive a once-in-1000-years flood (300 mm of rainfall per day) but a once-in-2000-years flood occurred in August 1975, following the collision of Typhoon Nina and a cold front. The typhoon was blocked for two days before its direction ultimately changed from northeastward to westward. As a result of this near stationary thunderstorm system, more than a years worth of rain fell within 24 hours (new records were set, at 189.5 mm (7.46 inches) rainfall per hour and 1060 mm (41.73 inches) per day, exceeding the average annual precipitation of about 800 mm (31.5 inches)), which weather forecasts failed to predict. China Central Television reported that the typhoon disappeared from radar as it degraded. According to Xinhua, the forecast was for rainfall of 100 mm by the Beijing-based Central Meteorological Observatory.</p><br>
<p>Communication with the dam was largely lost due to wire failures. On August 6, a request to open the dam was rejected because of the existing flooding in downstream areas. On August 7 the request was accepted, but the telegrams failed to reach the dam. The sluice gates were not able to handle the overflow of water partially due to sedimentation blockage. On August 7 at 21:30, the People&#39;s Liberation Army Unit 34450 (by name the 2nd Artillery Division in residence at Queshan county), which was deployed on the Banqiao Dam, sent the first dam failure warning via telegraph. On August 8, at 1:00, water at the Banqiao crested at the 117.94 m level above sea level, or 0.3 meter higher than the wave protection wall on the dam, and it failed. The same storm caused the failure of 62 dams in total. The runoff of Banqiao Dam was 13,000 m per second in vs. 78,800 m per second out, and as a result 701 million m of water were released in 6 hours, while 1.67 billion m of water were released in 5.5 hours at an upriver Shimantan Dam, and 15.738 billion m of water were released in total.</p><br>
<p>The resulting flood waters caused a wave 10 km wide and 3 - high in Suiping (遂平) that rushed onto the plains below at nearly 50 km/h, almost wiping out an area 55 km long and 15 km wide, and creating temporary lakes as large as 12,000 km&sup2;. Seven county seats, Suiping, Xiping (西平), Ru&#39;nan (汝南), Pingyu (平舆), Xincai (新蔡), Luohe (漯河), and Linquan (临泉) were inundated, as were thousands of square kilometers of countryside and countless communities. Evacuation orders had not been fully delivered due to weather conditions and poor communications. Telegraphs failed, signal flares fired by Unit 34450 were misunderstood, telephones were rare, and some messengers were caught by the flood. While only 827 out of 6,000 people died in the evacuated community of Shahedian just below Banqiao Dam, half of a total of 36,000 people died in the unevacuated Wencheng commune of Suipin County next to Shahedian, and the Daowencheng Commune was wiped from the map, killing all 9,600 citizens. Although a large number of people were reported as lost at first, many of them later returned home. A 2005 book compiled by the Archives Bureau of Suiping county reports that more than 230,000 were carried away by water, in which 18,869 died. It has been reported that 90,000 - 230,000 people were killed as a result of the dam breaking.</p><br>
<p>To protect other dams from failure, several flood diversion areas were evacuated and inundated, and several dams were deliberately destroyed by air strikes to release water in desired directions. The Nihewa and Laowangpo flood diversion areas downstream of the dams soon exceeded their capacity and gave up part of their storage on August 8, forcing more flood diversion areas to begin to evacuate. The dikes on the Quan River collapsed in the evening of August 9, and the entire Linquan county in Fuyang, Anhui was inundated. As the Boshan Dam, with a capacity of 400 million m, crested and the water released from the failures of Banqiao and Shimantan was rushing downstream, air strikes were made against several other dams to protect the Suya Lake dam, already holding 1.2 billion m of water. Suya Lake won only a temporary reprieve, as both it and Boshan became eventual targets. Finally, the Bantai Dam, holding 5.7 billion m of water, was bombed.</p><br>
<p>The Jingguang Railway, a major artery from Beijing to Guangzhou, was cut for 18 days, as were other crucial communications lines. Although 42,618 People&#39;s Liberation Army troops were deployed for disaster relief, all communication to and from the cities was cut.</p><br>
<p>After the flood, a summit of National Flood Prevention and Reservoir Security at Zhengzhou, Henan was held by the Department of Water Conservancy and Electricity, and a nationwide reservoir security examination was performed. Chen Xing was again brought back to the project.</p><br>
<h3>Casualties</h3><br>
<p>According to the Hydrology Department of Henan Province, approximately 26,000 people died in the province from flooding and another 145,000 died during subsequent epidemics and famine. In addition, about 5,960,000 buildings collapsed, and 11 million residents were affected. Unofficial estimates of the number of people killed by the disaster have run as high as 230,000 people. The death toll of this disaster was declassified in 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Reconstruction</h3><br>
<p>Within eleven years of the dam failure, the lower reach of the River Ru, esp. Zhumadian City, experienced several more disastrous floods. After many feasibility studies, the new Banqiao Reservoir reconstruction was listed as a key national project of The Seventh Five-Year Plan of China. The project owner was Huai River Water Resources Commission. The construction contractor was Changjiang Gezhouba Engineering Bureau. By the end of 1986, the rebuilding project commenced. On June 5, 1993, the project was certified by the Chinese government.</p><br>
<p>The reconstructed Banqiao Reservoir controls a catchment area of 768 km&sup2;. The maximum reserve capacity is 675 million m (178 billion gallons), a capacity increase of 34% above the capacity of the failed dam. The effective storage is 256 million m (67.6 billion gallons) and the corresponding normal high water level is 111.5 m above sea level. The flood control storage is 457 million m (121 billion gallons). The dam is made of clay and is 3,720 m long and 50.5 m high. The dam crest level is 120 m above sea level. The maximum discharge of the reservoir is 15000 m/s (about 3.96 million gallons/s).</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>After the disaster of the Banqiao dam failure, the Chinese government became very focused on surveillance, repair, and consolidation of reservoir dams. China has 87,000 reservoirs across the country; most of which were built in the 1950s–1970s using low construction standards. Most of these reservoirs are in serious disrepair, posing challenges to the prevention and control of flood-triggered geological disasters in areas with a population of 130 million or more. Chinas medium and small rivers are considered to be the Achilles heel in the countrys river control systems. According to a report from 2010, by the Ministry of Water Resources, China has invested since the 1998 Yangtze River floods in repairing and consolidating the countrys 9,197 degraded reservoirs, of which 2,397 are large or medium-sized, and 6,800 are key small reservoirs.</p><br>
<p>Puu Kukui is a mountain peak in Hawaii. It is the highest peak of Mauna Kahalawai . The 1,764 m summit rises above the Puu Kukui Watershed Management Area, an 8,661 acre private nature preserve maintained by the Maui Land & Pineapple Company. The peak was formed by a volcano whose caldera eroded into what is now Īao Valley.</p><br>
<p>Puu Kukui is one of the wettest spots on Earth and the second wettest in the state after Mount Waialeale, receiving an average of 386.5 in of rain a year. Rainwater unable to drain away flows into a bog. The soil is dense, deep, and acidic.</p><br>
<p>Puu Kukui is home to many endemic plants, insects, and birds, including the greensword (Argyroxiphium grayanum), a distinctive bog variety of ōhia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha var. pseudorugosa) and many lobelioid species. Due to the mountain peak&#39;s extreme climate and peat soil, many species, such as the ōhia, are represented as dwarfs. Access to the area is restricted to researchers and conservationists.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Chirripó is the highest mountain in Costa Rica, with an elevation of 3,820 m. It is located in the Chirripó National Park and is noted for its ecological wealth. The name, "Chirripo", means "land of eternal waters", named by local indigenous tribes, because there are many lakes and streams around the mountain. The high peaks in this and La Amistad International Park host important areas of Talamancan montane forest and Costa Rican Páramo with high endemism and an extremely high biodiversity. The peaks of these mountains, because of their height, constitute sky islands for many species of plants and animals. Snow has not fallen on the peak in the past 100 years or so, according to the University of Costa Rica, but hail is reported sometimes.</p><br>
<p>The great height of Cerro Chirripó relative to its surroundings is also evidenced by its particularly high topographic prominence of 3,727 m, which makes it the 37th most prominent peak in the world.</p><br>
<p>From the summit, it is possible on clear days to see all across the country from coast to coast, from the Pacific Ocean to the Caribbean Sea.</p><br>
<p>Forest fires have occurred in 1976, in the 1990s, and in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Climbing Chirripó is possible by obtaining a permit from the National Park office in San Gerardo de Rivas. From the trailhead, the summit can be reached via a 19.5 km hike.</p><br>
<p>Temperatures on the peak range from 4˚C-18˚C. Temperatures can drop to below freezing at night.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1904, Agustin Blessing Presinger made the first ascent to the peak. Since 1953, there have been five major fires in the area. The first official hiking trail was constructed in 1965 which led to a small sheet-metal hut 5 kilometers away from the peak. Today, the hut is replaced with a concrete refuge visited by 7000 people each year. In 1975, the Chirripo National Park was founded, enclosing in and protecting 500 sq kilometers of rainforest and mountains around the peak.</p><br>
<h2>The Hike</h2><br>
<p>The hike starts 1500 meters above sea level in the village of San Gerardo on the Talamanca Range. From the valley, the path rises through fields and woodlands before ascending through lush rainforest. The forest gradually converts into shrub land. The trail continuously ascends and descends through ridges and valleys until it reaches the final visitors&#39; refuge at 3392 meters. From the refuge, there is remaining 2 hour hike. Once you cross the last ridge, there is a remaining 200 meters of steep path. The summit is a 6-meter wide platform of rocks.</p><br>
<p>The Meridian House is located at 1630 Crescent Place in Washington, D.C., a mile and a half from the White House. It was designed by American architect John Russell Pope and built in 1920 for Ambassador Irwin Boyle Laughlin, who filled it with his extensive collection of French paintings and Oriental porcelain. It stayed in Laughlin family until 1960 when it was purchased by the non-profit Meridian International Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Meridian House was built by American Ambassador Irwin Boyle Laughlin. He purchased the land in 1912, two years after his friend Henry White bought the adjacent site. After a long career with the US Foreign Service, Laughlin retired in 1919 and built Meridian House, filling it with his collection of 18th century French drawings and Oriental porcelains and screens. Although he later returned to the diplomatic corps, serving as Ambassador to Greece and Spain in the 1920s and 30s, Laughlin also played an active role in Washington’s artistic and historical communities.</p><br>
<p>Ambassador Laughlin was married to Therese Iselin, daughter of New York City banker Adrian Iselin. Their daughter, Gertrude, who married Rear Admiral Hubert Winthrop Chanler, lived in Meridian House during her youth and from time to time after her marriage, especially when her husband was away on naval assignments. The house remained in the Laughlin family until 1958.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, a newly created non-profit organization dedicated to promoting international understanding, which later became Meridian International Center, received a grant from the Ford Foundation to purchase Meridian House. Gertrude Chanler, Irwing Laghlin daughter, served as a Meridian trustee for many years and made a substantial donation to start Meridian&#39;s endowment. Her children continue to support Meridian International Center and frequently visit the house with their own children.</p><br>
<h2>The House</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>In 1929, Meridian House was described by Architectural Forum as,</p><br>
<p>Perhaps as fine a piece of work of its kind as this country can show… Certainly the manner of this house has not in this country been better done, not only in terms of stylistic authenticity, but in terms of pure architecture, meaning good taste in selectivity, in elimination, in execution. It cannot from its nature do otherwise than set a standard which should endure permanently.</p><br>
<p>After undergoing a major renovation in 1994, Meridian House&#39;s principal rooms retain their architectural detail as well as some of the original decorative features, such as the 18th century European overdoor paintings and antique brass hardware and lighting fixtures. The classical symmetry of the Louis XVI style is reflected throughout the house.</p><br>
<h3>Dining room</h3><br>
<p>The dining room features a beautiful Mortlake tapestry, which has been dated by experts as late 17th century. The tapestry, purchased by the Laughlin family in England at the turn of the century, depicts the legendary reception given Alexander the Great by the Greek philosopher Diogenes. An almost identical tapestry hangs in Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, Scotland.</p><br>
<p>The dining room also features two portraits one of Ambassador Laughlin and one of his daughter, Gertrude Laughlin Chanler, as a child. A portrait of Mrs. Laughlin hangs nearby in the Chairmen&#39;s Study. All three were painted by Philippe de Laszlo, the renowned portrait artist of the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>Reception</h3><br>
<p>The reception gallery remains much as it was at the time the Laughlin family occupied the house. The wrought-iron and marble-topped side tables, the four Waterford crystal torcheres in the corners, the blue Chinese temple jars, and the antique clock and barometer on the mirrored walls are all part of the original furnishings.</p><br>
<p>The loggia, which links the major reception rooms and rear garden, includes four marble busts sculpted in France, representing the four seasons.</p><br>
<p>The Latin inscription "Quo habitat felicitas nil intret mali" appears over the front door and translates "Where happiness dwells, evil will not enter." The inscription over the rear courtyard doors reads: "Purior hic aer: late hinc conspectus in urbem," meaning "Purer here the air whence we overlook the city," a quotation also inscribed on a house at the top of Rome&#39;s Spanish Steps.</p><br>
<h3>Gardens</h3><br>
<p>The rear and side gardens largely retain their original design. The pebbled courtyard has 40 linden trees, imported from Europe when the house was built. The statues throughout the garden are original to the house, as are the statues at the four roof-line corners.</p><br>
<p>Għar Dalam  is a prehistoric cul-de-sac located in the outskirts of Birżebbuġa, Malta, containing the bone remains of animals that were stranded and subsequently became extinct in Malta at the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. It has lent its name to the Għar Dalam phase in Maltese prehistory.</p><br>
<p>Dwarf elephant, hippopotamus, deer and bear bone deposits found there are of different ages; the hippopotamuses became extinct about 10,000 years ago, whilst the deer species became extinct much later, about 4000 years ago during the Chalcolithic. It is also here that the earliest evidence of human settlement on Malta, some 7400 years ago, was discovered.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>The cave was first scientifically investigated in 1885. It was included on the Antiquities List of 1925, but was not opened to the public until 1933. It was used as an air-raid shelter during World War II. A museum was set up on site by the then-Curator of Natural History, Joseph Baldacchino. In 1980, the most important and irreplaceable relics&mdash;such as four tusks of dwarf elephants and the skull of a Neolithic child&mdash;were stolen from the museum.</p><br>
<p>The cave was investigated in 1987 under the direction of Emmanuel Anati, professor of paleontology at the University of Salento. His team of Italian archaeologists from the Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici discovered Palaeolithic cave art depicting human hands, anthropozoomorphic, and several animal designs from underneath the stalagmatic formations. Some depict elephants which have been extinct in the Maltese region since the Pleistocene. Most of these finds were destroyed due to recent vandalism.</p><br>
<p>The cave is some 144 m deep but only the first 50 m are accessible to visitors. The museum, which still exhibits a remarkable wealth of finds from animal bones to human artifacts, is the entrance to the whole area.</p><br>
<p>Għar Dalam Cave and Museum is operated by Heritage Malta.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>The cave consists of six layers.</p><br>
<p>Domestic animal layer (c. 74 cm). This layer has mainly cultivated animals in it, such as cows, horses and sheep/goats. Human remains, like pottery, flints, tools and ornaments or amulets are present here.</p><br>
<p>Calcareous sheet (c. 0.6 cm).</p><br>
<p>Deer Layer (c. 175 cm). The dwarf deer found in this layer are derived from the red deer (Cervus elaphus). Even small numbers of carnivores are known from this layer. Namely brown bear, red fox and wolf. Also big swans, giant turtles and voles are found.</p><br>
<p>Pebble layer (c. 35 cm). This layer consists completely of small boulders and pebbles. They are indicators of a river that streamed through the cave. Since the stones are quite large, it was a fast-flowing river.</p><br>
<p>Hippopotamus layer (c. 120 cm). This layer consists of mainly Hippopotamus melitensis. Other species found are dwarf elephant and the giant dormouse Leithia cartei.</p><br>
<p>Bone-Free clay layer (c. 125 cm). No bones found in this layer, only some impressions of plant material</p><br>
<p>Lambay, sometimes referred to as Lambay Island  lies in the Irish Sea off the coast of north County Dublin in Ireland. It is 4 km offshore from the headland at Portrane and is the easternmost point of the province of Leinster.</p><br>
<p>Similarly named places are Lamba in the Faroe Islands and Lamba in Shetland.</p><br>
<h2>Physical description</h2><br>
<p>Lambay Island is the largest island off the east coast of Ireland and is about 2.5 square kilometres (240 hectares or 593.1 acres) in size. Its highest point rises to 127 metres (416.7 feet). There are steep cliffs on the northern, eastern, and southern sides of the island, with a more low-lying western shore. The geology is dominated by igneous rocks, with shales and limestones. There are a small number of wells and streams.</p><br>
<p>There is a private harbour on the western shore, and there are a small number of buildings nearby including a bothy, coastguard cottages and a real tennis court.</p><br>
<h2>Lambay Castle</h2><br>
<p>A small late 16th-century fort with battlemented gables, possibly incorporating a 15th-century blockhouse, on the island was transformed by Sir Edwin Lutyens into a romantic castle for the Hon. Cecil Baring, afterwards 3rd Lord Revelstoke. Baring had been working in the USA when he fell in love with the wife of one of his co-directors. She divorced her husband and married Baring. He bought the island for £5,250 in 1904 as a place to escape to with his beautiful young wife, Maude Louise Lorillard, the daughter of Pierre Lorillard, the first American to win The Derby. The story of their early life on the island inspired Julian Slade’s musical Free as Air.</p><br>
<p>Lutyens made the old fort habitable and built a quadrangle of kitchens, bathrooms and extra bedrooms adjoining it, with roofs of grey Dutch pantiles sweeping down almost to the ground. He also built a circular curtain wall or enceinte surrounding the castle and its garden, with an impressive bastioned gateway; this wall serves the practical purpose of a wind break, enabling trees and plants to grow inside it – which would not grow outside. Everything is of a silvery grey stone. The rooms in the castle have vaulted ceilings and stone fireplaces; there is a stone staircase with many curves and an underground gallery in the new quadrangle which might have been conceived by Piranesi. According to the Revelstoke records on the island, Lambay Castle is also the location where Michael Powell wrote his screenplay for Black Narcissus (1947).</p><br>
<p>Lutyens also designed the approach from the harbour, with curved step-like terraces reminiscent of the now-vanished Ripetta in Rome and a series of ellipses, circles being a long-standing symbol of welcome and also of wholeness. Characteristically, having ascended those Baroque steps, one has to cross an open field to come to the curtain wall, the entrance gateway not being at first visible; so there is a sense of expectancy.</p><br>
<p>Close to the harbour is the White House, a largely horse-shoe shaped house with high roofs and whitewashed walls, which Lutyens designed in the 1930s for Lord Revelstoke&#39;s daughters Daphne and Calypso and their families, while the castle and island were left to his only son Rupert Baring. On a small cliff-top near the White House is an old Catholic chapel, with a portico of tapering stone columns (also added by Lutyens) and a barrel vaulted ceiling. Inside are various religious symbols and artefacts made by members of the family, including the little stain-glass window.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The island supports one of the largest and most important seabird colonies in Ireland, with over 50,000 common guillemots, 5,000 kittiwakes, 3,500 razorbills, 2,500 pairs of herring gulls, as well as smaller numbers of puffins, Manx shearwaters, fulmars, greylag geese and many other species.</p><br>
<p>Among the mammals of the island are Atlantic Great grey seals (Ireland&#39;s only east coast colony ), which pup on the island itself; wild red-necked wallabies (introduced by Rupert Baring in the 1950s, augmented by a surplus from Dublin Zoo in the 1980s, numbering perhaps around 100 in 2017), and introduced fallow deer (a herd of about 200). There is also a herd of farmed cattle on the island. Rockabill and Lambay islands are the best places in County Dublin to see harbour porpoises.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The island is still privately owned by the Baring family trust. The medieval castle is the only Lutyens-designed home, together with the Liria Palace in Madrid, which is still in the occupation and ownership of the original family that commissioned it. Alex Baring (7th Baron Revelstoke) is currently in occupation. The farm has accepted WWOOFers as volunteers in the past. The estate includes domestic extensions to the old Castle, a row of Coastguard cottages, the Bothy, the White House (family guesthouse), a harbour and boathouse and a distinctive open-air real tennis court, the only one remaining in Ireland (there was one in the old University College Dublin complex on Earlsfort Terrace). There is also the farm with cottages, and the Chapel is located on an isolated promontory. All architecture was either designed or renovated by Sir Edwin Lutyens.</p><br>
<p>Due to its deep surrounding waters, the island attracts scuba divers and fishermen, as well as lobster-potters. The island is accessible by invitation only, mainly from Malahide Marina and occasionally Rogerstown Pier, Rush and Skerries Harbour all north of Dublin.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory and history</h2><br>
<p>The island was important in the Neolithic period in Ireland as a ground stone axe quarrying and production site. Two outcrops of andesite, or Lambay porphyry as it is more commonly known, were utilised. The quarry site is unusual in Ireland for being the only Neolithic stone axe quarry with evidence for all stages of production, from quarrying to final polishing.</p><br>
<p>The ancient Roman writer Pliny and the ancient Greek Ptolemy knew about the island and referred to it as Limnus or Limni. Its Irish name, Reachra, was eventually joined by a Norse name based on the root word ey for island. The name Lambey probably originated with the practice of sending over ewes to the island in spring to lamb in a predator-free environment. The belief that the fore part of the name in Norse is from the word lamb makes perfect sense, but may be a later rationalisation for a name based on whatever the name of the island was at the time of Pliny and Ptolemy and the word ey. The Irish name for the nearby coastal area of Portrane, Port Reachrainn, originated from its position facing the island.</p><br>
<p>A number of Iron Age burials were discovered on the island in 1927 during works on the island&#39;s harbour. The finds included a number of Romano-British items, and the site has been interpreted as evidence for the arrival of a small group of refugees from Brigantia, fleeing the Romans from 71 to 74.</p><br>
<p>St. Columba is said to have established a monastic settlement on Lambay 530 AD, and Irelands Viking age began with a raid on this settlement. The raid, marked by the pillaging of the islands church and the burning of its buildings, took place in 795. (The burning of Reachrainn by plunderers; and its shrines were broken and plundered.)</p><br>
<p>Surveying in the 20th century found remains of an enclosure to the south of the present chapel, and suggestions of a connected moated site (the present chapel was renovated by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the early 20th century).</p><br>
<p>Sitric, a Danish King of Dublin, granted Lambay to Christ Church Cathedral, and in 1181 Prince John granted it to the Archbishops of Dublin. This was reconfirmed by King Edward in 1337 and by King Richard in 1394. A later archbishop gave the rents of the island to the nuns of Grace Dieu for the upkeep of their monastery and school. He also gave the tithes of the Lambay rabbits to the nuns and at that time the rabbit taxes were worth 100 shillings a year.</p><br>
<p>In 1467, it was provided by statute that the Earl of Worcester, then Lord Deputy, be granted Lambay to build a fortress for England&#39;s protection against the Spaniards, French and Scots. Worcester paid the Archbishop of Dublin 40 shillings per annum and though he had a licence to build a castle on Lambay it is not certain that it was actually built.</p><br>
<p>During the reformation, Archbishop Brown granted the Island to John Challoner for a rent of £6.13.4. The conditions were that Challoner would within six years build a village, castle and harbour for the benefit of fishermen and as a protection against smugglers. He was to inhabit Lambay "with a colony of honest men". He was a very active man who worked four mines for silver and copper and bred falcons on the island&#39;s many cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Challoner still owned Lambay in Elizabethan times but in 1611 the island was granted to Sir William Ussher and his heirs. James Ussher, later the Anglican Archbishop of Armagh, lived on Lambay in 1626 but by 1650 he was resident in London. He was highly respected by Cromwell and today lies buried in Westminster Abbey. The Ussher family held the island for 200 years. In the 17th century there was some exploratory lead or copper mining.</p><br>
<p>During the Williamite war in Ireland, the island was used as an internment camp for Irish soldiers. More than one thousand of them were imprisoned there after the Battle of Aughrim in 1691 and some died of wounds and starvation.</p><br>
<p>In 1805, the leasehold of Lambay was inherited by Sir William Wolseley, and in 1814 it was acquired by the Talbot family of Malahide. In 1860 the existing farmers were removed and replaced with English and Scottish tenants.</p><br>
<p>Having sold nearby Portrane House, Count James Consedine bought Lambay in 1888, developing the island for hunting. In turn, the Baring family of banking fame bought Lambay Island in 1904 for £5,250 pounds (depending on different sources). Cecil Baring hired Sir Edwin Lutyens to work on renovation of the island&#39;s main residence, the 15th Century fort, and surrounds. Lutyens became a firm friend of the island and continued to return there throughout his life, adding to his architectural designs and renovations over the course of 30 years or so. Cecil Baring became Lord Revelstoke in 1929 and died in 1934. He and his beloved wife Maude Lorillard are buried in the family Mausoleum on Lambay, along with their son Rupert Baring and grandsons John and James Baring. The Mausoleum, also designed by Lutyens, forms part of the circular rampart wall around the Castle and is engraved with a poem Cecil wrote in memory of Maude when she died.</p><br>
<p>The island has claimed a number of shipwrecks, one of the most notable of which was RMS Tayleur. One of the largest merchant ships of her day, she struck the island on 21 January 1854 just hours into her maiden voyage from Liverpool to Perth, Australia and sank with the loss of 380 lives.</p><br>
<p>Lambay was the landing site of the winners of the 1921 Gordon Bennett Gas Balloon Race. The pilots were Captains Armbruster and Ansermier, both Swiss. They took off from Brussels, Belgium, and flew 756 kilometres with a maximum altitude of 3,600 metres during their flight of 27 hours and 23 minutes.</p><br>
<p>Lambay Island was Protestant majority until the early 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<p>The table below reports data on Lambay&#39;s population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland. Census data in Ireland before 1841 are not considered complete and/or reliable.</p><br>
<p>Quincy Market is a historic market complex near Faneuil Hall in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It was constructed in 1824&ndash;26 and named in honor of Mayor Josiah Quincy, who organized its construction without any tax or debt. The market is a designated National Historic Landmark and Boston Landmark, significant as one of the largest market complexes built in the United States in the first half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the time Boston was incorporated as a city in 1822, downtown commercial demand had grown beyond the capacity of Faneuil Hall. To provide an expansion of shop space Quincy Market was built, as an indoor pavilion of vendor stalls.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Alexander Parris, the main building was built immediately east of and "behind" Faneuil Hall which at the time sat next to the waterfront at the town dock. In an early example of Boston&#39;s tendency for territorial growth via landfill, part of the harbor was filled in with dirt to provide a plot of land for the market. The commercial growth spawned by the new marketplace led to the reconstruction or addition of six city streets.</p><br>
<p>From its beginning, the Market was largely used as a produce and foodstuff shopping center, with various grocers of such goods as eggs, cheese, and bread lining its inside walls. Digging performed for expansion of the market in the late 1970s uncovered evidence of animal bones, suggesting that butchering work was done on-site. In addition, street vendors took up space outside the building in its plazas and against its outside walls. Some surviving signs of early food and supplies merchants hang today in the upstairs seating hall.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The market is two stories tall, 535 ft long, and covers 27,000 ft&sup2; of land. Its exterior is largely granite, with red brick interior walls, and represents the first large-scale use of granite and glass in post-and-beam construction. Within, it employs innovative cast iron columns and iron tension rods. The east and west facades exhibit a strong Roman style, with strong triangular pediments and Doric columns. In contrast, the sides of the hall are more modern and American, with rows of rectangular windows.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s shape is a long rectangle, providing for a long hallway down its center line. On the roof are eight evenly spaced chimneys, and a copper-based dome in the center of the building, which covers an open common seating area and the major side entrances.</p><br>
<p>The main building is flanked on either side by -story brick and granite buildings, called the North Market and South Market. Part of the market&#39;s original development, these buildings have been more extensively altered than the main building. The entire complex was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The central domed building was designated a by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1996. The North and South Market buildings are currently pending Boston Landmarks</p><br>
<h2>Faneuil Hall Marketplace</h2><br>
<p>In 1969, the department of Housing and Urban Development awarded the city of Boston approximately 2 million dollars for market stabilization and restoration of roof lines and facades back to their 1826 appearance. The restoration project team included: Architectural Heritage Inc., Roger Webb; Stahl/Bennett Architects. Frederic A. Stahl, Principal in Charge; Roger Lang, Project Manager; James H. Ballou, Consulting Architect; and William LeMessurier, Structural Engineer.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1970s, Bostons meat and produce had moved to larger, more modern facilities and Quincy Market was decaying. Using a combination of public and private funds, architectural firm Benjamin Thompson and Associates and the developer Rouse Company developed a new building form, the festival marketplace. The new Faneuil Hall Marketplace, incorporating Quincy Market, opened in 1976. In 1977, it received the Harleston Parker Medal and in 2009, the AIAs Twenty-five Year Award.</p><br>
<p>The main Quincy Market building continues to be a source of food for Bostonians, though it has changed from grocery to food-stall, fast-food, and restaurants. It is a popular and busy lunchtime spot for downtown workers. In the center, surrounding the dome, is a two-story seating area.</p><br>
<p>Further street vending space is available against the outside walls of the building, especially on the south side, under a glass enclosure. Most stalls in this space sell trinkets, gifts, and other curiosities. A few restaurants also occupy fully enclosed spaces at the ends of this enclosure.</p><br>
<p>More conventional retail space is provided on the second floor and in the basement level. The Comedy Connection, one of Boston&#39;s two largest comedy clubs, only recently vacated one of the second-floor spaces, and bars and restaurants occupy space on the basement levels.</p><br>
<p>Flanking the main building in the marketplace are two equally long buildings (North Market and South Market) that expand the market space for more restaurants, specialty shops, and office spaces. Two further concave market buildings enclose a circular plaza at the market&#39;s east end.</p><br>
<p>The open spaces at both the east and west ends of the marketplace are a common venue for various street performers, as well as street vendors. Most daytime visits to Quincy Market will encounter a large circular crowd of people standing around a juggler or other act.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Geneva Lake is a body of freshwater in Walworth County in southeastern Wisconsin. On its shores are the city of Lake Geneva, and the villages of Fontana-on-Geneva-Lake, and Williams Bay.</p><br>
<p>The lake covers an area of approximately 5,401 acre, has a maximum length of 7.5 mile, mean depth of 61 ft and a maximum depth of 135 ft. Geologists believe that it is a filled-in kettle formed from a receding glacier.</p><br>
<h2>Lakeshore</h2><br>
<p>The lake and the community of Lake Geneva were named for the town of Geneva, New York, located on Seneca Lake, which government surveyor John Brink thought it resembled. To avoid confusion with the nearby town of Geneva, Illinois, the city was renamed Lake Geneva; later the lake was renamed Geneva Lake.</p><br>
<p>Lakeshore attractions include Big Foot Beach State Park, Lake Geneva Yacht Club, the George Williams College campus of Aurora University, and Yerkes Observatory. The observatory is owned by the University of Chicago, which has established a study group to plan a regional center for science education at the observatory.</p><br>
<p>Public access to the lake is allowed as the result of a decision by early European settlers that "20 feet of land leading up to the shoreline should be public domain." Between 21 and 26 miles long, it follows the route taken by Potawatomi Indians. The path crosses the estates of the Schwinns, Swifts, Wackers, and Wrigleys.</p><br>
<p>The Ligurian Sea  is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, between the Italian Riviera  and the island of Corsica. The sea is probably named after the ancient Ligures people.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The sea borders Italy as far as its border with France, and the French island of Corsica. In the east the sea borders the Tyrrhenian Sea, while in the west it borders the Mediterranean Sea proper. Genoa is the most prominent city in the area. The northwest coast is noted for its scenic beauty and favourable climate.</p><br>
<p>The Gulf of Genoa is its northernmost part. The sea receives the Arno River from the east and many other rivers that originate in the Apennines. The ports of Genoa, La Spezia, and Livorno are on its rocky coast. It reaches a maximum depth of more than 9,300 feet (2,850 m) northwest of Corsica.</p><br>
<h3>Extent</h3><br>
<p>The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Ligurian Sea as follows:</p><br>
<p>On the Southwest. A line joining Cape Corse (Cape Grosso, 9°23E) the Northern point of Corsica to the frontier between France and Italy (7°31E).</p><br>
<p>On the Southeast.</p><br>
<p>A line joining Cape Corse with Tinetto Island (44&deg;01&prime;N latitude, 9&deg;51&prime;E longitude) and thence through Tino and Palmaria Islands to San Pietro Point (44&deg;03&prime;N latitude, 9&deg;50&prime;E longitude) on the Coast of Italy.</p><br>
<p>On the North The Ligurian Coast of Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>In order to provide protection for the numerous cetacean (whales and dolphins; porpoises are not found in this part of the Mediterranean Sea) species in the Ligurian Sea the bordering countries established the sea as a SPAMI in 1999. The International Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary now covers 84,000 km² covering territorial waters as well as high sea.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Kentucky State Capitol is located in Frankfort and is the house of the three branches  of the state government of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Previous buildings</h3><br>
<p>From 1792 to 1830, two buildings were used as the capitol, both of which burned completely.</p><br>
<p>In 1830, another capitol was built and was used until 1910. During a bitterly contested 1899 state governor election, Democratic Party claimant William Goebel was assassinated at the capitol on his way to be inaugurated. The need for a larger building for a growing state government resulted in the replacement of that capitol building, which is now a museum operated by the Kentucky Historical Society.</p><br>
<h3>Current 1910 building</h3><br>
<p>In 1904, the Kentucky General Assembly chose Frankfort (rather than Lexington or Louisville) as the location for the state capital and appropriated $1 million for the construction of a permanent state capitol building, to be located in southern Frankfort. The official ground-breaking was August 14, 1905 and construction was completed in 1909 at a cost of $1,180,434.80.</p><br>
<p>The capitol was designed by Frank Mills Andrews, a distinguished and award-winning architect. He used the Beaux-Arts style and included many classical French interior designs. The staircases, for example, are replicas of those of the Opéra Garnier in Paris.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The main part of the Capitol has three floors. The first floor contains the offices of the governor (and his or her staff), lieutenant governor, secretary of state, and attorney general. It also features a rotunda with statues of famous Kentuckians and other exhibits, including Kentucky Women Remembered.</p><br>
<p>The second floor contains the courtroom of the state Supreme Court, as well as the chambers of the justices. The state law library is nearby.</p><br>
<p>The chambers of the House of Representatives and Senate face each other on opposite ends of the third floor. Some high-level legislative offices (such as for the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate) are also located there.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol also has a partial fourth floor which houses the galleries of the House and Senate, as well as a few offices for legislative committee staffers.</p><br>
<p>In addition, there is a partially buried basement level with mostly offices for clerks and maintenance personnel. However, it also contains a small gift shop and lunch counter as well as an underground tunnel to the neighboring Capitol Annex building. The Annex houses General Assembly committee rooms, General Assembly members offices and a cafeteria.</p><br>
<h2>Security</h2><br>
<p>The Capitol used to be completely open during normal business hours, and local residents often used the marble hallways for exercise (the Frankfort equivalent of "mall walking"). Currently, anyone without proper state credentials must go through a metal detector. Security for the complex is provided by officers from the Facilities Security Branch of the Kentucky State Police along with specifically assigned state troopers.</p><br>
<p>Inman Park is a neighborhood on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, and its first planned suburb. It was named for Samuel M. Inman.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Today&#39;s neighborhood of Inman Park includes areas that were originally designated</p><br>
<p>Inman Park proper (today the Inman Park Historic District)</p><br>
<p>Moreland Park (today the Inman Park-Moreland Historic District)</p><br>
<p>part of Copenhill Park (properties on Atlantis, the south side of Highland, and the north sides of Sinclair and a block of Austin)</p><br>
<p>Former industrial areas on the western side, now mixed-use developments including Inman Park Village and North Highland Steel</p><br>
<p>The area was part of the battlefield in the Battle of Atlanta in 1864.</p><br>
<h3>Atlanta's first streetcar suburb</h3><br>
<p>Inman Park (proper) was planned in the late 1880s by Joel Hurt, a civil engineer and real-estate developer who intended to create a rural oasis connected to the city by the first of Atlanta&#39;s electric streetcar lines, along Edgewood Avenue. The East Atlanta Land Company acquired and developed more than 130 acres east of the city and Hurt named the new suburb for his friend and business associate, Samuel M. Inman. Joseph Forsyth Johnson was hired as landscape designer for Inman Park who included curvilinear street designs and liberal usage of open spaces in his planning.</p><br>
<p>The Atlanta Constitution in 1896 grandly described Inman Park:</p><br>
<p>"High up above the city, where the purest breezes and the brightest sunshine drove away the germs of disease, and where nature had lavished her best gifts, the gentlemen who conceived the thought of Inman Park found the locality above all others which they desired. It was to be a place of homes, of pretty homes, green lawns, and desirable inhabitants. And all save those who would make desirable residents have been excluded.... It&#39;s the prettiest, highest, healthiest and most desirable locality I ever saw. Everybody is friendly and neighborly.... And as far as accessibility it ranks second to no residence portion of the city. We have three car lines and frequent schedules."</p><br>
<p>Like new developments throughout the United States at the time, but in stark contrast to the attitudes prevalent in the neighborhood today, Inman Park was conceived of and promoted as a segregated community.</p><br>
<p>Moreland Park was by contrast developed as a more traditional, incremental building of sub-divisions as opposed to the grand plan for Inman Park proper.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>The arrival of the automobile allowed upper class Atlantans to live in suburbs farther north from downtown workplaces, such as Morningside and what is now considered Buckhead. Inman Park became less fashionable and the exuberant Victorian architecture came to seem dated. The mansions came to be subdivided into apartments.</p><br>
<p>Similar to other intown neighborhoods such as Virginia Highland, Inman Park fell to blight during the white middle and upper class exodus to the northern suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s, and was:</p><br>
<p>"an economically depressed neighborhood of mostly blue-collar white folks, elderly couples who could not afford to move out and families on disability and welfare. They lived in rented bungalows or big houses chopped up into tiny roach-infested apartments."</p><br>
<h3>Atlanta's first intown neighborhood to gentrify</h3><br>
<p>Driving through the neighborhood on his way to appraise stained glass windows in the doomed home of Judge Durwood T. Pye on Poplar Circle, Robert Griggs was smitten by the extraordinary architecture of the Beath-Dickey House, then a dilapidated multi-unit rental property. He and his partner, Robert Aiken, bought the house and restored it to a single-family dwelling. They were followed by others who restored homes; founded Inman Park Restoration, the neighborhood association; and created a neighborhood newsletter, a garden club to rehabilitate public spaces, and a pre-school. To publicize the progress they were making, they began a Tour of Homes with a small festival, which has grown into the hugely popular Inman Park Festival, held each spring.</p><br>
<h3>Freeway revolt against I-485</h3><br>
<p>During this same period, there was an intense fight against the I-485 freeway which was to be built through the neighborhood, although many properties in Inman Park, as well as the entire neighboring neighborhood of Copenhill, were torn down in preparation for freeway construction.</p><br>
<h3>Inman Park today</h3><br>
<p>After decades of restoration and renewal, Inman Park is now regarded as a highly desirable intown neighborhood with a mixture of rental and owner-occupied houses and condominiums. Built up as it was over decades, the neighborhood housing now ranges from tiny mill town shotguns to the Victorian mansions of the original development, intermixed with bungalows of all sizes built during the first three decades of the 20th century. Like its housing, the makeup of Inman Park has changed since its inception, with a population that is 25% non-white and of varying economic levels—although increasing housing prices are beginning to force more economic homogeneity. Since the beginning of its renewal, inclusivity and a strong sense of community have distinguished Inman Park. The neighborhood association has always welcomed renters and homeowners alike, with nominal annual dues, while the Inman Park Festival, which attracts tens of thousands of visitors every spring, brings residents together to produce the largest all-volunteer festival in Georgia. The Festival&#39;s centerpiece is the Tour of Homes, which showcases the wide variety of sizes and types of residences in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Former industrial areas on the west side of the neighborhood have been redeveloped into mixed-use complexes. The former General Pipe and Foundry site is now North Highland Steel and the site is now Inman Park Village. In the early 1990s the former Atlanta Stove Works was transformed by swapping 2 letters of its name and became the Atlanta Stage Works, a film and media production center, that eventually housed the early Tyler Perry Film studios and the National Aids Quilt. In 2015 it was converted into a mixed-use office and restaurant space, which will now be added to the space across Krog Street to form the Krog Street Market.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Inman Park is bordered by:</p><br>
<p>the BeltLine Eastside Trail on the west, across which lies the Old Fourth Ward</p><br>
<p>Freedom Parkway on the north, across which lies Poncey-Highland</p><br>
<p>Moreland Avenue on the east, across which lies Candler Park</p><br>
<p>DeKalb Avenue on the south, across which lie Cabbagetown and Reynoldstown</p><br>
<p>Little Five Points district is located where Inman Park and Candler Park meet at Moreland Avenue and Euclid/McClendon.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Inman Park contains Atlantas best collection of residential architecture from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Styles include Queen Anne, high-style Italianate and Romanesque mansion as well as smaller bungalows, shotguns, and foursquares. Inman Park was Atlantas first example of a garden suburb, with great attention paid to street layout, parks and other public space, and would inspire other Atlanta garden suburbs such as the Frederick Law Olmsted-designed Druid Hills.</p><br>
<p>There are two historic districts within the Inman Park neighborhoods: the Inman Park historic district, and the Inman Park-Moreland Historic District, originally the separate suburb of Moreland Park.</p><br>
<p>Notable houses include:</p><br>
<p>Beath-Dickey House</p><br>
<p>Callan Castle (Candler mansion)</p><br>
<p>Kriegshaber House (Wrecking Ball Brewpub)</p><br>
<h2>Other points of interest</h2><br>
<p>The Krog Street Tunnel under the CSX Railroad connects Inman Park with Cabbagetown and is famous for street art.</p><br>
<p>Krog Street Market is a gourmet food hall</p><br>
<p>Edgewood Avenue in both Inman Park and Old Fourth Ward is a restaurant street that has been gaining acclaim especially since 2013.</p><br>
<p>Highland Avenue connects Inman Park to the Poncey Highland and Virginia Highland neighborhoods. The Highland Avenue corridor offers dozens of local restaurants and shops.</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>Parks in Inman Park include Springvale Park, a pet project of Joel Hurt and designed by the Olmstead Brothers. Part of Freedom Park lies in the neighborhood, which the BeltLine trail also borders. There are also smaller parks: Delta Park, Inman Park, the park in Inman Park Village, and the Bass Recreation Center.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>Inman Park is in NPU N. Neighbors participate in the Inman Park Neighborhood Association (IPNA).</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Inman Park residents are served by Atlanta Public Schools.</p><br>
<p>Zoned schools include:</p><br>
<p>Inman Middle School</p><br>
<p>Henry W. Grady High School</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>MARTA runs bus service and rail service. The Inman Park / Reynoldstown MARTA station is located at the south end of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Taliesin, sometimes known as Taliesin East, Taliesin Spring Green, or Taliesin North after 1937, was the estate of American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Located 2.5 mi south of the village of Spring Green in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States, the 600 acre property was developed on land that originally belonged to Wright&#39;s maternal family.</p><br>
<p>Wright designed the Taliesin structure two years after leaving his first wife and home in Oak Park, Illinois with a mistress, Mamah Borthwick. The design of the original building was consistent with the design principles of the Prairie School, emulating the flatness of the plains and the natural limestone outcroppings of Wisconsin&#39;s Driftless Area. The structure (which included an agricultural and studio wing) was completed in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Wright rebuilt the Taliesin residential wing in 1914 after a disgruntled employee set fire to the living quarters and murdered Borthwick and six others. This second version was used only sparingly by Wright as he worked on projects abroad. He returned to the house in 1922 following completion of the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. A fire caused by electrical problems destroyed the living quarters in April 1925. The third version of the living quarters was constructed by Wright by late 1925. In 1927, financial problems caused a foreclosure on the building by the Bank of Wisconsin. Wright was able to reacquire the building with the financial help of friends and was able to reoccupy it as of November, 1928. Taliesin III was Wrights home for the rest of his life, although he began to winter at Taliesin West in Scottsdale, Arizona upon its completion in 1937. Many of Wrights acclaimed buildings were designed here, including Fallingwater, "Jacobs I" (the first Wright-designed residence of Herbert and Katherine Jacobs), the Johnson Wax Headquarters, and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. Wright was also an avid collector of Asian art and used Taliesin as a storehouse and private museum.</p><br>
<p>Wright left Taliesin and the 600-acre Taliesin Estate to the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation (founded by him and his third wife in 1940) upon his death in 1959. This organization oversaw renovations to the estate until late 1992 upon the founding of Taliesin Preservation, Inc., a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving the building and estate in Wisconsin. Taliesin mostly operates as a museum, however it is still occupied by former students of Wrights in addition to students at the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture on a seasonal basis. The property was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 and is being considered as part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In addition to the residence, there are four Frank Lloyd Wright-designed buildings on the estate: the Romeo and Juliet Windmill, designed by Wright in 1896; Tan-y-Deri, the home he designed for Jane and Andrew Porter, his sister and brother-in-law; the Hillside Home School, originally designed in 1901 for his aunts school, and Midway Barns, a farming facility.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Jones Valley, the Wisconsin River valley in which Taliesin sits, was formed during Pre-Illinoian glaciation. This region of North America, known as the Driftless Area, was totally surrounded by ice during Wisconsin glaciation, but the area itself was not glaciated. The result is an unusually hilly landscape with deeply carved river valleys.</p><br>
<p>The valley, approximately 2.5 mi south of the village of Spring Green, Wisconsin, was originally settled by Frank Lloyd Wrights maternal grandfather, Richard Lloyd Jones. Jones had emigrated with his family from Wales, moving to the Town of Ixonia in Jefferson County, Wisconsin. In 1858, Jones and the family moved from Ixonia to this part of Wisconsin to start a farm. By the 1870s, Richards sons had taken over operation of the farm, and they invited Wright to work during summers as a farmhand.</p><br>
<p>Wrights aunts Jane and Ellen C. Lloyd Jones (known as Jennie and Nell) began a co-educational school, the Hillside Home School, in the family valley in 1887 and let Wright design the building; this was Wrights first independent commission. In 1896, Wrights aunts again commissioned Wright, this time to build a windmill. The resulting Romeo and Juliet Windmill was unorthodox but stable. In the winter of 1900, Wright compiled a portfolio of photographs he took of the surrounding area for a promotional brochure for the Hillside School. In 1901, Wright was again commissioned by Jennie and Nell to design another structure. Unsatisfied with his original design for the Hillside School, Wright designed the Hillside Home School in 1901 in the Prairie Style. Wright later sent several of his children to receive an education at the school. Wrights final commission on the farm was a house for his sister Jane Porter in 1907. Tan-Y-Deri, Welsh for "Under the Oaks", was a design based on his recent Ladies Home Journal article "A Fireproof House for $5000." The family, their ideas, religion, and ideals, greatly influenced the young Wright, who later changed his middle name from Lincoln (in honor of Abraham Lincoln) to Lloyd in deference to his mother&#39;s family.</p><br>
<p>When Wright decided to construct a home in this valley, he chose the name of the Welsh bard Taliesin, whose name means "shining brow" or "radiant brow". Wright learned of the poet through Richard Hoveys Taliesin: A Masque, a story about an artists struggle for identity. The Welsh name also suited Wrights roots, as the Lloyd Joneses gave Welsh names to their properties. The hill upon which Taliesin was built was a favorite from Wrights youth; he saw the house as a "shining brow" on the hill. Although the name was originally only applied to the house, Wright later used the term to refer to the entire property. Wright and others used roman numerals to distinguish the three versions of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>From 1898 to 1909, architect Frank Lloyd Wright lived and worked out of his home and studio in Oak Park, Illinois. In Oak Park, Wright had developed his concept of Prairie School architecture, designing houses primarily for local clients. In 1903, Wright began designing a home for Edwin Cheney, but quickly took a liking for Cheneys wife. Wright and Mamah Borthwick Cheney began an affair and separated from their spouses in 1909. They met up in Florence, Italy, in February 1910, where Wright made sketches of his future studio. He was particularly inspired by Michelozzos Villa Medici in Fiesole because it was built into a hill, had commanding views of its surroundings, and featured gardens on two levels.</p><br>
<p>In 1910, the pair sought to return to the United States, but knew they could not escape scandal if they returned together to Oak Park. Wright saw an alternative—his familys ancestral farm near Spring Green, Wisconsin. Wright returned alone to the United States in late 1910, publicly reconciling with Kitty while working to secure money to buy land for a house for himself and Borthwick. On April 3, 1911, Wright wrote to a friend requesting money to purchase "a small house" for his mother. By the 10th, Wrights mother Anna had a signed deed for the property. By using Annas name, Wright was able to secure the 31.5 acre property without attracting any attention to the affair. Late in the summer, Mamah Borthwick (having divorced Cheney and legally reverting to her maiden name) quietly moved into the property, staying with Wrights sister at Tan-y-Deri. However, Wright and Borthwick&#39;s new property was discovered by a Chicago Examiner reporter that fall, and the affair made headlines in the Chicago Tribune on Christmas Eve.</p><br>
<h2>Taliesin I</h2><br>
<p>The Taliesin house had three sections: two broad portions on either end and a narrow connecting loggia. Typical of a Prairie School design, the house was, as Wright described, "low, wide, and snug." As with most of his houses, Wright designed the furniture. One of these broad sections was used as Wrights studio and workroom. A small apartment wing juts out of this wing; the apartment may have originally been intended for Wrights mother, but was used by Wright&#39;s head draftsman. Wright and Borthwick lived in the other broad portion. The one-story complex was accessed by a road leading up the hill to the rear of the building. The estate gateway was on County Road C, just west of Wisconsin Road 23. Iron entry gates were flanked by limestone piers capped with planter urns.</p><br>
<p>Wright chose yellow limestone for the house from a quarry of outcropping ledges on a nearby hill. Local farmers helped Wright move the stone up the Taliesin hill. Stones were laid in long, thin ledges, evoking the natural way that they were found in the quarry and across the Driftless Area. Plaster for the interior walls was mixed with sienna, giving the finished product a golden hue. This caused the plaster to resemble the sand on the banks of the nearby Wisconsin River. The outside plaster walls were similar, but mixed with cement, resulting in a grayer color. Windows were placed so that sun could come through openings in every room at every point of the day. Wright chose not to install gutters so that icicles would form in winter. Shingles on the gradually-pitched roof were designed to weather to a silver-grey color, matching the branches of nearby trees. A porte-cochère was built over the main entrance of the living quarters to provide shelter for visiting automobiles. The finished house measured approximately 12,000 ft&sup2; of enclosed space.</p><br>
<h3>Life at Taliesin</h3><br>
<p>Upon moving in with Borthwick in the winter 1911, Wright resumed work on his architectural projects, but he struggled to secure commissions because of the ongoing negative publicity over his affair with Borthwick (whose ex-husband, Edwin Cheney, maintained main custody of their son and daughter). However, Wright did produce some of his most acclaimed works during this time period, including the Midway Gardens in Chicago and the Avery Coonley Playhouse in Riverside. He also indulged his hobby for collecting Japanese art, and quickly became a renowned authority. Borthwick translated four works from Swedish difference feminist Ellen Key.</p><br>
<p>In his spare time, Wright developed a fruit farm on the property with over a thousand fruit trees and bushes that he ordered from Jens Jensen in 1912. It is unknown exactly how many were planted, because part of the order was destroyed during a railroad strike. Wright requested two hundred and eighty-five apple trees planted, including one hundred McIntosh, fifty Wealthy, fifty Golden Russet, and fifty Fameuse. Among the bushes were three hundred gooseberry, two hundred blackberry, and two hundred raspberry. The property also grew pears, asparagus, rhubarb, and plums. The fruit and vegetable plants were placed along the contour of the estate, which may have been done to mimic the farms he saw while in Italy. Wright also dammed a creek on the property to create an artificial lake, which was stocked with fish and aquatic fowl. This water garden, probably inspired by the ones he saw in Japan, created a natural gateway to the property.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, Wright designed what he called a "tea circle" in the middle of the courtyard, adjacent to the crown of the hill. This circle was heavily inspired by Jens Jensens council circles, but also took influence from Japanese wabi-sabi landscape architecture. Unlike Jensens circles, the rough-cut limestone tea circle was much larger and featured a pool in the center. The circle featured a curved stone bench flanked with Chinese jars built during the Ming Dynasty. A large oak tree stood at the center until it blew down in a storm in 1998. The tea garden also included a large plaster replica of Flower in the Crannied Wall, a statue originally designed by Richard Bock for the Susan Lawrence Dana House; the namesake poem is inscribed on its rear.</p><br>
<h3>Attack and fire</h3><br>
<p>Julian Carlton was a 31-year-old man who came to work as a chef and servant at Taliesin for the summer. Carlton was an Afro-Caribbean of West Indian descent, ostensibly from Barbados. He was recommended to Wright by John Vogelsong, Jr., the caterer for the Midway Gardens project. Carlton and his wife Gertrude had previously served in the house of Vogelsong&#39;s parents in Chicago. Originally a genial presence on the estate, Carlton grew increasingly paranoid. He stayed up late at night with a butcher knife, looking out the window. This behavior had been noticed by Wright and Borthwick, who issued an ad in a local paper for a replacement cook. Carlton was given notice that August 15, 1914 would be his last day in their employ.</p><br>
<p>Before he left, Carlton plotted to kill the residents of Taliesin. His primary target was draftsman Emil Brodelle, who had called Carlton a "black son-of-a-bitch" on August 12 for not following an order. Brodelle and Carlton also engaged in a minor physical confrontation two days later. He planned the assault, targeting the noon hour, when Borthwick, her children, and the studio personnel would be on opposite sides of the property awaiting lunch. Wright was away in Chicago completing Midway Gardens while Borthwick stayed at home with her two children, 11-year old John and 9-year-old Martha. On August 15, Carlton grabbed a shingling hatchet and began an attack. He started with the Borthwicks, who were waiting on the porch off the living room. Mamah Borthwick was killed by a single blow to the face, and her son John was slaughtered as he sat in his chair. Martha managed to flee, but was hunted down and slain in the courtyard. He then coated the bodies in gasoline and lit them on fire, setting the house ablaze.</p><br>
<p>Carlton then turned his attention to the other six residents, pouring gasoline underneath the door of the far end of the residence and setting it on fire. Draftsman Herbert Fritz managed to break open a window and escape, though he broke his arm in the process. Carlton then entered the other dining room and killed Brodelle. He then hid, waiting for the other residents to try to escape. As foreman William Weston and his 13-year-old son Ernest ran through the door, Carlton attacked with the hatchet. The Westons escaped, but Ernest died from his wounds hours later. Carlton sought out the final two residents, laborer Thomas Brunker and gardener David Lindblom. Brunker and Lindblom managed to fight off Carlton and escape, but died days later from their burns and injuries. With the house empty, Carlton ran to the basement and into a fireproof furnace chamber. He brought a small vial of hydrochloric acid with him as a fallback plan in case the heat became too much for him to handle. Carlton did attempt suicide by swallowing the acid, but it failed to kill him.</p><br>
<p>Lindblom and Weston alerted a neighboring farm of the attack. Weston then returned to the studio and used a garden hose to help extinguish the flames. His efforts saved the studio portion of the building and the many Wright manuscripts. Eventually, neighbors arrived to assist putting out the fire and search for survivors. Iowa County Sheriff John Williams located Carlton and arrested him. Carlton was transferred to the county jail in Dodgeville. Gertrude was found in a nearby field, apparently unaware of her husband&#39;s intentions. She was dressed in travel clothes, expecting to catch a train to Chicago with Julian to seek a new job.</p><br>
<p>Gertrude was released from police custody shortly after the incident. She was sent to Chicago with $7 and was never heard from again. The hydrochloric acid that Carlton ingested failed to kill him, but did badly burn his esophagus, which made it difficult for him to ingest food. Carlton was indicted on August 16 and was charged with the murder of Mamah Borthwick, the only death that was directly witnessed by a survivor. Carlton entered a not guilty plea. Forty-seven days after the fire, before the case could be heard, Carlton died of starvation in his cell.</p><br>
<h3>Aftermath</h3><br>
<p>Bodies of the dead and injured were brought to Tan-y-Deri, the nearby home of Wrights sister, Jane Porter. Wright returned to Taliesin that night with his son John and Edwin Cheney. Cheney brought the remains of his children back to Chicago while Wright buried Mamah Borthwick on the grounds of nearby Unity Chapel (the chapel of the mothers side of his family). Heartbroken over the loss of his lover, Wright did not mark the grave because he could not bear to be reminded of the tragedy. He also did not hold a funerary service for Borthwick, although he did fund and attend services for his employees. Wright struggled with the loss of Borthwick, experiencing symptoms of conversion disorder: insomnia, weight loss, and temporary blindness. After a few months of recovery, aided by his sister Jane Porter, Wright moved to an apartment he rented in Chicago at 25 Cedar Street. The attack also had a profound effect on Wright&#39;s design principles; biographer Robert Twombly writes that his Prairie School period ended after the loss of Borthwick.</p><br>
<h2>Taliesin II</h2><br>
<p>Within a few months of his recovery, Wright began work on rebuilding Taliesin. The new complex was mostly identical to the original building. The dam was rebuilt; Wright added an observation platform, perhaps inspired by the one he designed in Baraboo. Later, he built a hydroelectric generator in an unsuccessful effort to make Taliesin completely self-sufficient. The generator was built in the style of a Japanese temple. Within only a few years, parts of the structure eroded away. It was demolished in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>In the new Taliesin, Wright worked to repair his tarnished reputation. He secured a commission to design the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, Japan; when the building was undamaged following the 1923 earthquake, Wright&#39;s reputation was restored. Although he later expanded the agricultural wing, Wright spent little time at the second Taliesin house, often living near his construction sites abroad. Instead of serving as a full-time residence, Wright treated Taliesin like an art museum for his collection of Asian works. Wright only truly lived at Taliesin II starting in 1922, after his work at the Imperial Hotel was completed.</p><br>
<p>In 1914 while designing the residence after the first devastating fire, Wright received a sympathetic letter from Miriam Noel, a fan of his architecture. Wright exchanged correspondence with the wealthy divorcee and met with her at his Chicago office. Wright was quickly infatuated, and the two began a relationship. By Spring 1915, Taliesin II was completed and Noel moved there with Wright. Wrights first wife Catherine finally granted him a divorce in 1922, meaning that Wright could marry Noel a year later. Although Wright admired Noels erratic personality at first, her behavior (later identified as schizophrenia) led to a miserable life together at Taliesin. They married in November, 1923, but Noel left Wright by the spring of 1924.</p><br>
<p>On April 20, 1925, Wright returned from eating dinner in the detached dining room when he noticed smoke billowing from his bedroom. By that time of night, most of the employees had returned home; only a driver and one apprentice were left in the complex. Unlike the first Taliesin fire, Wright was able to get help immediately. However, the fire quickly spread due to high winds. Despite the efforts of Wright and his neighbors to extinguish the flame, the living quarters of the second Taliesin were quickly destroyed. However, the workrooms where Wright kept his architectural drafts were spared. According to Wright&#39;s autobiography, the fire appeared to have begun near a telephone in his bedroom. Wright also mentioned a lightning storm approaching immediately before noticing the fire. Wright scholars speculate that the storm may have caused an electrical surge through the telephone system, sparking the fire.</p><br>
<h2>Taliesin III</h2><br>
<p>Wright was deeply in debt following the destruction of Taliesin II. Aside from debts owed on the property, his divorce from Noel forced Wright to sell much of his farm machinery and livestock. Wright was also forced to sell his prized Japanese prints at half value to pay his debts. The Bank of Wisconsin foreclosed on Taliesin in 1927 and Wright was forced to move to La Jolla, California. Shortly before the bank was to begin an auction on the property, Wrights former client Darwin Martin conceived a scheme to save the property. He formed a company called Frank Lloyd Wright Incorporated to issue stock on Wrights future earnings. Many of Wright&#39;s former clients and students purchased stock in Wright to raise $70,000. The company successfully bid on Taliesin for $40,000, returning it to Wright.</p><br>
<p>Wright returned to Taliesin in the winter of 1928 and began to rebuild the complex, which he named Taliesin III, shortly afterward. Wrights interaction with Taliesin lasted for the rest of his life, and eventually, he purchased the surrounding land, creating an estate of 593 acres (2.4 km²). Some of Wrights best known buildings and most ambitious designs were created at Taliesin III. Works completed during this period include the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the First Unitarian Society Meeting House, and Price Tower</p><br>
<h3>Taliesin Fellowship</h3><br>
<p>Wright inherited the Hillside Home School when it became insolvent in 1915. The building sat empty until 1928, when Wright conceived the idea of hosting a school there. He issued a proposal to the University of Wisconsin that would have created the Hillside Home School for the Allied Arts; however, the plan was later abandoned. In 1932, the Wrights instead established the private Taliesin Fellowship, where fifty to sixty apprentices could come to Taliesin to study under the architect. Students helped him develop the estate at a time when Wright received few commissions for his work. Once he began Taliesin West, a winter home in Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1937, Wright and the fellowship "migrated" between the two homes each year.</p><br>
<p>Wright did not consider the fellowship a formal school, instead viewing it as a benevolent educational institution. He also worked to ensure G.I. Bill eligibility for returning World War II veterans. The town of Wyoming, Wisconsin and Wright became embroiled in a legal dispute over his claim of tax-exemption. A trial judge agreed with the town, stating that since apprentices did much of Wright&#39;s work, it was not solely a benevolent institution. Wright fought the case to the Wisconsin Supreme Court. When Wright lost the case there in 1954, he threatened to abandon the estate. However, he was persuaded to stay after some friends raised $800,000 to cover the back taxes at a benefit dinner.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1940, Frank Lloyd Wright, his third wife Olgivanna, and his son-in-law William Wesley Peters formed the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. Upon Wrights death on April 9, 1959, ownership of the Taliesin estate in Spring Green, as well as Taliesin West, passed into the hands of the foundation. The Taliesin Fellowship continued to use the Hillside School as the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture. The fellowship allowed tours of the school, but initially did not permit visitation of the house or other grounds. When the group spent two summers in Switzerland, rumors started that they were planning on selling the house to S. C. Johnson, a former Wright client. Instead, the fellowship sold a surrounding piece of land to a developer associated with the company, intending to develop a tourist complex. The 3,000 acre resort included an eighteen-hole golf course, restaurant, and a visitors center.</p><br>
<h3>Recognition</h3><br>
<p>On January 7, 1976, Taliesin was recognized as a National Historic Landmark (NHL) District by the National Park Service. The nine properties contributing to the district are the landscape, Taliesin III, Hillside Home School, the Hillside Playhouse, the dam, Romeo and Juliet Windmill, Midway Barn, the pool and gardens in the courtyard, and Tan-Y-Deri. This designation also listed the property in the National Register of Historic Places. A National Historic Landmark is a site deemed to have "exceptional value to the nation."</p><br>
<p>In the late 1980s, Taliesin and Taliesin West were together nominated as a World Heritage Site, a UNESCO designation for properties with special worldwide significance. The nomination was rejected because the organization wanted to see a larger nomination with more Wright properties. In 2008, the National Park Service submitted the Taliesin estate along with nine other Frank Lloyd Wright properties to a tentative list for World Heritage Status, which the National Park Service says is "a necessary first step in the process of nominating a site to the World Heritage List." The properties are expected to first become eligible for the designation in 2016.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the National Park Service evaluated the 1,811 NHLs nationwide for historical integrity and threat of damage. Taliesin was declared a "Priority 1" NHL, a site that is "seriously damaged or imminently with such damage." Furthermore, the site was listed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as one of America&#39;s Most Endangered Places in 1994, citing its "water damage, erosion, foundation settlement and wood decay." Taliesin Preservation, Inc. (TPI), a non-profit organization, was established in 1991 to restore Taliesin.</p><br>
<h3>Rehabilitation</h3><br>
<p>On June 18, 1998, a severe storm damaged the estate. Heavy rains caused the drainage system to fail and a cascade of water surged over the retaining wall. This caused a mudslide, damaging the estates foundation. Furthermore, the large oak tree at the center of the courtyard fell down on top of the house. The next year, another storm collapsed a tunnel underneath the studio wing. A 1999 grant from Save Americas Treasures helped defray costs to re-roof Taliesin III, to stabilize its foundation, and to connect it to a local sewage treatment plant.</p><br>
<p>Over $11 million has been spent on the rehabilitation of Taliesin since 1998. Unfortunately, its preservation is "fraught with epic difficulties", because Wright never thought of it as a series of buildings with a long-term future. It was built by inexperienced students, without solid foundations. Financing renovations has been challenging because revenue from Taliesin visitation has been lower than projected.</p><br>
<p>TPI provides tours from May 1 through October 31. In April and November, the association provides only an exterior shuttle and walking tour. Because the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation owns the property, it is inaccessible outside the confines of a tour. Roughly 25,000 people visit Taliesin each year.</p><br>
<h3>Assessment</h3><br>
<p>Architectural historian James F. OGorman compares Taliesin to Thomas Jeffersons Monticello, calling it "not a mere building but an entire environment in which man, architecture and nature form a harmonious whole." He continues that the building is an expression of Romanticism influence in architecture. William Barillas, in an assay of the Prairie School movement, agrees with OGormans assessment and calls Taliesin "the ultimate prairie house." In Taliesin 1911–1914, a collection of essays about the first house, the authors and editor conclude that Taliesin was "Wright&#39;s architectural self portrait." In a 2009 publication for the Thoreau Society, Naomi Uechi notes thematic similarities between the architecture of Taliesin and the concept of simplicity advocated by philosopher Henry David Thoreau. Neil Levine highlighted the abstract nature of the complex, comparing it to the works of Pablo Picasso.</p><br>
<p>The Loyalty Islands  are an archipelago in the Pacific. They are part of the French territory of New Caledonia, whose mainland is 100 km away. They form the Loyalty Islands Province , one of the three provinces of New Caledonia. It has 17,000 people living on almost 2,000 km&sup2;. The native inhabitants are the Kanak people and the Tavuavua people.</p><br>
<p>The first Western contact on record is attributed to British Captain William Raven of the whaler Britannia, who in 1793 was on his way from Norfolk Island to Batavia. It is very likely, however, that the discovery and name goes back to the London ship Loyalty (also Loyalist, Jethro Daggett master), on a South Sea trading voyage from 1789 till 1790.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The archipelago consists of six inhabited islands: Lifou Island, Maré Island, Tiga Island, Ouvéa Island, Mouli Island, and Faiava Island, as well as several smaller uninhabited islands and islets. Their combined land area is 1,981 km². The highest elevation is at 138 m above sea level on Maré Island.</p><br>
<p>Loyalty Islands Province is divided into three communes (municipalities):</p><br>
<p>Lifou (comprises Lifou Island, Tiga Island, and several islets)</p><br>
<p>Maré (comprises Maré Island and Dudun Island)</p><br>
<p>Ouvéa (comprises Ouvéa Island, Mouli Island, Faiava Island, and several nearby islands and islets)</p><br>
<p>Walpole Island is geographically part of the Loyalty Islands, but administratively part of the commune of Île des Pins, South Province.</p><br>
<p>The people of the Loyalty Islands are of mixed Melanesian and Polynesian ancestry, with a small European minority. They numbered 17,436 at the 2009 census, a 7.9% reduction from the 22,080 as at the preceding 2004 census. Several thousands more natives live in Nouméa (New Caledonias capital) and in the mining areas of New Caledonias mainland. The chief export of the Loyalty Islands is copra. The islands are part of the New Caledonia rain forests ecoregion.</p><br>
<h2>Provincial congress</h2><br>
<p>Of 14 seats in the province&#39;s congress, the nationalist Caledonian Union holds four, the anti-independence Rally for Caledonia in the Republic holds two, and the National Union for Independence-Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front, Socialist Kanak Liberation, Renewed Caledonian Union and Union of Pro-Independence Co-operation Committees each have two.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kennedy is a peak in the Saint Elias Mountains within Kluane National Park, in Yukon, Canada. Its 4250-m to 4300-m  summit lies within 10 km of the Alaska Panhandle. Dusty Glacier lies against it to the north.</p><br>
<p>The Canadian government named the peak in honour of USA President John F. Kennedy nearly a year following his assassination. In announcing the decision to the House of Commons on November 20, 1964, prime minister Lester B. Pearson said "I believe it is appropriate that Canada&#39;s memorial to him should be a mountain. A mountain is solid and enduring. Mount Kennedy is a graceful, towering, unencumbered peak... a symbol of aspiration and upward reach." It was at the time, the highest peak in North America that had not yet been climbed. American mountaineer Bradford Washburn who had aided the Canadian government in selecting the peak said that "the Canadians sought a mountain that had not previously been named, that towered lofty and magnificent, and that lay as close as possible to the international boundary, where it would endure as a symbol of the unique friendship that exists between our two great nations."</p><br>
<h2>First ascent</h2><br>
<p>Its first ascent was in 1965 by JFKs brother Robert F. Kennedy, with a party of experienced mountaineers sponsored by the National Geographic Society and led by Jim Whittaker. Upon reaching the peak of the summit, Kennedy left some of his brothers PT-boat tie clips, a copy of his brother&#39;s Inaugural Presidential Address, and a John F. Kennedy medallion. This route from the Cathedral Glacier to the south is now considered a routine climb for experienced glacier travelers, having little technical difficulties other than navigation of extensive crevasse fields and avoidance of avalanches. Since then, other routes have been completed, including the highly technical North Buttress, first climbed in 1968 using siege tactics (placing fixed ropes and returning to a base camp), and finally in 2001 in purely alpine style (continuous ascent from bottom to summit with no fixed ropes).</p><br>
<p>Climbers in the first ascent party included:</p><br>
<p>Jim Whittaker (1929-)</p><br>
<p>Robert F. Kennedy (1925-1968)</p><br>
<p>George R. Senner (1922–2003)</p><br>
<p>Dee Molenaar (1918-)</p><br>
<p>Bill Prater (1926-2010)</p><br>
<p>Barry Prather (1940-1987)</p><br>
<p>The Jerome Park Reservoir is a reservoir located in Jerome Park, a neighborhood in the North Bronx, New York City. The reservoir is surrounded by DeWitt Clinton High School, the Bronx High School of Science, Lehman College, High School of American Studies at Lehman College and numerous apartment houses, including the Amalgamated Housing Cooperative, administered by the Park Reservoir Housing Corporation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was built in 1906 to serve the New Croton aqueduct as part of the New York City water supply system. It is named for Jerome Park Racetrack, a part of the former Old Bathgate Estate which opened in 1866 and which was the site of the inaugural Belmont Stakes in 1867. The racetrack was condemned, bought by New York City and closed in 1889 to make way for the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, residents organized under the leadership of Jerome Park Conservancy to stop the city from converting the site to a water treatment plant. It was thought that the noise, chemicals, and unsightly construction would decrease the quality of life for area residents, and have a negative impact on the learning environment at nearby schools.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The related High Pumping Station had been listed in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The treatment plant was built in another part of the Bronx underneath Van Cortlandt Park. In connection with this work, the Croton system was taken offline and the reservoir emptied in December 2008. It was refilled and returned to service in early 2014. In November 2015, the DEP experimentally opened the perimeter to the public for tours.</p><br>
<p>Keppel Harbour , also called the Keppel Channel, is a stretch of water in Singapore between the mainland and the southern islands of Pulau Brani and Sentosa  . Its naturally sheltered and deep waters was to meet the requirements of British colonists attempting to establish a Far East maritime colony in that part of the world, and thereby setting the stage for the eventual formation of Singapore as a successful independent state.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology and history</h2><br>
<p>The harbour was first noticed in August 1819 by William Farquhar, who reported his discovery of a "new harbour" inhabited by orang laut (sea Gypsies) living in boats to Sir Stamford Raffles the following month.</p><br>
<p>In the 1830s, the Straits Settlements, consisting of Singapore, Malacca and Penang, was a pirates&#39; haven. By 1832, Singapore had become the busy centre of government for the three areas.</p><br>
<p>It was also at this time that Captain Henry Keppel came to Singapore and helped to clear the Straits of pirates. Whilst based at Singapore, he discovered the deep water anchorage that came to be called by his name. Keppel first sailed to Singapore as a midshipman in 1832 and took part in the Naning (Malacca) expedition, and came again later in 1842 to help with the suppression of piracy in the Malay Archipelago. Keppel had a long association with Singapore, having visited the island on several occasions up to 1903. He surveyed the new harbour of Singapore, which was formed based on his plans. The harbour was completed in 1886.</p><br>
<p>In 1855, Captain William Cloughton, William Paterson and William Wemyss Ker purchased Pantai Chermin from the Temenggong of Johor. In 1859, Cloughton built the first dry dock known as Number 1 Dock. In 1868, the second dock, Victoria Dock, was inaugurated by Sir Harry George Ord, Governor of the Straits Settlements. The Albert Dock was opened in 1879.</p><br>
<p>For a while, the harbour was simply known as New Harbour but it was renamed Keppel Harbour by the Acting Governor, Sir James Alexander Swettenham, on 19 April 1900 when Admiral Keppel visited Singapore at the age of 92.</p><br>
<p>New Harbour Road was also renamed Keppel Road. This reportedly pleased Admiral Keppel very much. The Chinese names for Keppel Road and Keppel Harbour were sin kam kong chu u or "Kampong Bahru dock", and sek lat moi or "selat passage" (selat is Malay for straits).</p><br>
<h2>Plans</h2><br>
<p>Singapore&#39;s largest conglomerate, the Keppel Corporation, has announced plans to build exclusive villas on the 5.3 hectare Keppel Island that it owns in Keppel Bay at Keppel Harbour &mdash; home to a shipyard until 2000.</p><br>
<p>The group will also launch a condominium designed by renowned architect Daniel Libeskind, who is designing the masterplan for New York&#39;s ground zero site. The 1,200-unit waterfront condominium &mdash; known as Keppel Bay phase two &mdash; will be launched in early 2007. It will sit on about 84,000 square metres of land on the mainland opposite Keppel Island, with a shoreline of 750 metres. It will have six high-rise blocks and some spacious low-rise apartments.</p><br>
<p>The condominium will be part of the 4,860,000 ft&sup2; Keppel Bay mega development, which is 70 per cent owned by Keppel Corp and 30 per cent by its unit Keppel Land. About 2,800 homes are set to be built, including the existing 969-unit Caribbean at Keppel Bay.</p><br>
<p>The most exclusive homes of the lot are likely to be reserved for Keppel Island, where the Marina@Keppel Bay, a separate development, will be completed by late 2007. The marina will have high-end restaurants and tentative plans are for high-end villas and possible condominium units on the island.</p><br>
<p>A 250-metre Keppel Bay Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge links Keppel Island to the mainland.</p><br>
<p>Keppel also has two other smaller plots for condominium on the other side of the Caribbean. Corals condominium is located beside Caribbean, just beside King&#39;s Dock (Second largest dock in the world since 20 Aug 1923) with 366 units. One is 3.4 ha in size while the other, a joint venture with Mapletree, is 2.9 ha.</p><br>
<p>Lake Malta, known also as the Maltański Reservoir, is an artificial lake in Poznań, Poland. It was formed in 1952 as a result of the damming of the Cybina River. It is about 2.2 km long, which makes the lake the biggest man-made lake of the city. The water is 3.1 m deep on average with a maximum about 5 m. There are a number of recreational attractions along the edge of the lake including:</p><br>
<p>an artificial ski slope,</p><br>
<p>an artificial ice rink,</p><br>
<p>a zoological garden,</p><br>
<p>Kolejka Parkowa Maltanka - a narrow gauge railway,</p><br>
<p>the Mound of Freedom,</p><br>
<p>seasonal bikes rental - MaltaBike</p><br>
<p>The lake also has one of the oldest man-made rowing venues in Europe - The Malta Regatta Course. This dates back to 1952 and has held a number of Rowing World Cup events. It also hosted the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in 1990 and 2001, and did so again in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The lake also gives its name to the Malta theatre festival, held in Poznań annually in June, with some of the shows taking place next to the lake.</p><br>
<p>The name of the lake comes from the Knights Hospitaller also known as Knights of Malta. The lake was built on land owned by Church of St. John of Jerusalem Outside the Walls, given to the order in 1187 by duke Mieszko III the Old.</p><br>
<p>Because of the importance of the lake for the city of Poznań, various methods to improve its water quality have been investigated.</p><br>
<p>and Măcin Mountains in the background</p><br>
<p>The Măcin Mountains (Munții Măcin) is a mountain range in Tulcea County, Dobrogea, Romania. Part of the Northern Dobruja Massif, they are located between Danube River to the north and west, Taița River and Culmea Niculițelului to the east and Casimcea Plateau to the south. Seen from the Danube, they seem only low hills. However, they are a mountainous region.</p><br>
<p>The Măcin Mountains are one of the oldest in Romania, being formed in the second part of the Paleozoic, in the Carboniferous and Permian, during the Hercynian orogeny. The predominant rock is granite. Erosion (caused by the difference of temperature) has created steep slopes, with the aspect of ruins.</p><br>
<p>They are divided in Culmea Măcinului (the southern part) and Culmea Pricopanului (the northern part). The highest peak is Țuțuiatu (also called Greci), which has a height of 467 meters. Other important peaks are Priopcea Hill (410 m) and Muntele lui Iacob (Iacob&#39;s Mountain – 341 m).</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation and avifauna</h2><br>
<p>Besides the Balkanic and sub-Mediterranean forests, the Măcin Mountains also have a considerable swathe of steppe, making it a delightful site for birds. The area is a staging point for various migratory bird species, especially raptors, who arrive here in autumn. The region is home to species such as European turtle dove, red-rumped swallow, common and isabelline wheatears, ortolan bunting and several others. Măcin Mountains are also the hunting grounds of the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus), one of Europe&#39;s largest buzzards. It shares the mountains with other birds of prey such as short-toed eagle, booted eagle, Levant sparrowhawk and saker falcon.</p><br>
